ReviewNature reviews. Immunology2020
GM-CSF-based treatments in COVID-19: reconciling opposing therapeutic approaches.
Review in Nature reviews. Immunology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 147 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
147 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 243 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and safety of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) antibodies in COVID-19 patients: a meta-analysis.Inflammopharmacology · 2023Pooled it
- A randomised trial of anti-GM-CSF otilimab in severe COVID-19 pneumonia (OSCAR).The European respiratory journal · 2023Trial
- Anti-Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Monoclonal Antibody Gimsilumab for COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Trial.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2022Trial
- Randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of human anti-LIGHT monoclonal antibody in COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2022Trial
- Fibrin-rich environment drives catheter-associated UTIs by suppressing macrophage defenses.Nature communications · 2026Article
- A potassium-based single-atom catalyst enables acute lung injury immunotherapy in mice by inhibiting macrophage pyroptosis.Nature communications · 2026Article
- CSF2 drives radiation-induced lung injury by eliciting PADI4-high pathogenic neutrophils.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Macrophage makeover extreme viral edition: mechanisms of immune subversion and therapeutic perspectives.The Journal of general virology · 2026Review
- The "cytokine storm" in infection and sepsis: win the battle but lose the war.Military Medical Research · 2026Review
- IL-27 signaling mediates skin inflammation in experimental psoriasis and atopic dermatitis.Cell & bioscience · 2026Article
- Serum Cytokine Profiles in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Clinical Remission: A Cross-Sectional Comparison by Anti-TNF Therapy.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Article
- T Helper Cells and Cytokine Networks in the Immunopathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis.ImmunoTargets and therapy · 2026Review
- Nanoengineered Macrophages for in vivo Three-Dimensional Photoacoustic Imaging and Immunotherapy of Acute Lung Injury.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Article
- Airway Delivery of Encapsulated Cytokine-Secreting Cells for Local Immunomodulation in Inflammatory Lung Diseases.Research square · 2025Article
- Immune Dysregulation in Sepsis. A Narrative Review for the Clinicians.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Targeting alveolar macrophages: a promising intervention for pulmonary infection and acute lung injury.Cellular & molecular biology letters · 2025Review
- Reprogramming of GM-CSF-dependent alveolar macrophages through GSK3 activity modulation.eLife · 2025Article
- Advances in acute respiratory distress syndrome: focusing on heterogeneity, pathophysiology, and therapeutic strategies.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- Review
87 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Therapeutics against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are urgently needed. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a myelopoietic growth factor and pro-inflammatory cytokine, plays a critical role in alveolar macrophage homeostasis, lung inflammation and immunological disease. Both administration and inhibition of GM-CSF are currently being therapeutically tested in COVID-19 clinical trials. This Perspective discusses the pleiotropic biology of GM-CSF and the scientific merits behind these contrasting approaches.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.