SynthesisSpinal cord2020
Complications of epidural spinal stimulation: lessons from the past and alternatives for the future.
Synthesis in Spinal cord, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cardiovascular effects of transcutaneous spinal stimulation in persons living with and without spinal cord injury.Spinal cord · 2026Article
- Spinal cord stimulation: An emerging strategy for chronic pain relief after spinal cord injury.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Collagen IV outperforms alternative ECM coatings to preserve human neural progenitor properties on electrically conductive neural interfaces.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Therapy-specific motoneuron activation with epidural and dorsal root ganglion stimulation in spinal cord injury.Journal of neurophysiology · 2026Article
- Clinical effectiveness of spinal cord stimulation in managing refractory upper-extremity pain.Neurosurgical review · 2026Article
- Perspective/short review: Adverse events associated with placement of spinal cord stimulators (SCS).Surgical neurology international · 2026Review
- Multi-system benefits of non-invasive spinal cord stimulation following cervical spinal cord injury: a case study.Bioelectronic medicine · 2025Article
- The conformal, high-density SpineWrap microelectrode array for focal stimulation and selective muscle recruitment.Advanced functional materials · 2025Article
- Cardiovascular safety of transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation in cervical spinal cord injury.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2025Article
- A comprehensive review of the supraspinal mechanisms of spinal cord stimulation on chronic pain and cognition.Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Spinal Cord Transcutaneous Stimulation in Cervical Spinal Cord Injury: A Review Examining Upper Extremity Neuromotor Control, Recovery Mechanisms, and Future Directions.Journal of neurotrauma · 2024Review
- Intravital photoacoustic brain stimulation with high-precision.Journal of biomedical optics · 2024Review
- Spinal Cord Stimulation for Painful Diabetic Neuropathy.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2024Review
- Ergogenic effects of spinal cord stimulation on exercise performance following spinal cord injury.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2024Article
- Bioheat Model of Spinal Column Heating During High-Density Spinal Cord Stimulation.Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society · 2023Article
- Explantation and Simultaneous Explantation-Reimplantation of Spinal Cord Stimulation Paddle Electrodes: Complication Rate and Predisposing Factors.Neurosurgery practice · 2023Article
- Article
- MicroRNA-29a Mitigates Laminectomy-Induced Spinal Epidural Fibrosis and Gait Dysregulation by Repressing TGF-β1 and IL-6.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Targeted transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation promotes persistent recovery of upper limb strength and tactile sensation in spinal cord injury: a pilot study.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Article
- Neuroprotective effects of interleukin 10 in spinal cord injury.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
STUDY
designSystematic review.
objectivesOver the past decade, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that epidural spinal cord stimulation (SCS) can successfully assist with neurorehabilitation following spinal cord injury (SCI). This approach is quickly garnering the attention of clinicians. Therefore, the potential benefits of individuals undergoing epidural SCS therapy to regain sensorimotor and autonomic control, must be considered along with the lessons learned from other studies on the risks associated with implantable systems.
methodsSystematic analysis of literature, as well as preclinical and clinical reports.
resultsThe use of SCS for neuropathic pain management has revealed that epidural electrodes can lose their therapeutic effects over time and lead to complications, such as electrode migration, infection, foreign body reactions, and even SCI. Several authors have also described the formation of a mass composed of glia, collagen, and fibrosis around epidural electrodes. Clinically, this mass can cause myelopathy and spinal compression, and it is only treatable by surgically removing both the electrode and scar tissue.
conclusionsIn order to reduce the risk of encapsulation, many innovative efforts focus on technological improvements of electrode biocompatibility; however, they require time and resources to develop and confirm safety and efficiency. Alternatively, some studies have demonstrated similar outcomes of non-invasive, transcutaneous SCS following SCI to those seen with epidural SCS, without the complications associated with implanted electrodes. Thus, transcutaneous SCS can be proposed as a promising candidate for a safer and more accessible SCS modality for some individuals with SCI.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.