ArticleJournal of the Royal Society, Interface2020
The reverse flight of a monarch butterfly (
Article in Journal of the Royal Society, Interface, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Postural Change of the Annual Cicada (Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Why flying insects gather at artificial light.Nature communications · 2024Article
- A hull reconstruction-reprojection method for pose estimation of free-flying fruit flies.The Journal of experimental biology · 2023Article
- The Lift Effects of Chordwise Wing Deformation and Body Angle on Low-Speed Flying Butterflies.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Wing Kinematics and Unsteady Aerodynamics of a Hummingbird Pure Yawing Maneuver.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Beneficial wake-capture effect for forward propulsion with a restrained wing-pitch motion of a butterfly.Royal Society open science · 2021Article
- Butterflies fly using efficient propulsive clap mechanism owing to flexible wings.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Butterflies are agile fliers which use inactive and active upstrokes (US). The active US plays a secondary role to the downstroke (DS), generating both thrust and negative vertical force. However, whether their active halfstroke function is fixed or facultative has not been clarified. We showed that during multiple backward flights of an individual, postural adjustments via body angles greater than 90°, with pitch-down and pitch-up motions in the DS and US, respectively, reoriented the stroke plane and caused the reversal of the aerodynamic functions of the halfstrokes compared with forward flight. The US and DS primarily provided weight support and horizontal force, respectively, and a leading edge vortex (LEV) was formed in both halfstrokes. The US's LEV was a Class II LEV extending from wingtip to wingtip, previously reported albeit during the DS in forward flight. The US's net force contribution increased from 32% in forward to 60% in backward flight. Likewise, US weight support increased from 8 to 85%. Despite different trajectories, body postures and force orientations among flight sequences in the global frame, the halfstroke-average forces pointed in a uniform direction relative to the body in both forward and backward flight.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.