ArticleThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2020
Anogenital Distance in Healthy Infants: Method-, Age- and Sex-related Reference Ranges.
Article in The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02497209 (International AGD Database; Determinants of AGD and Establishment of Normative Data), which is not on this map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
International AGD Database; Determinants of AGD and Establishment of Normative Data
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Associations of endocrine disrupting chemicals with anogenital distance across infancy.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Observational
- Bisphenol S fetal exposure in ewes exhibiting contrasted metabolic status impaired the ovarian follicular development of fetuses and lambs.Journal of ovarian research · 2026Article
- Associations of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) concentrations with birth outcomes in pregnant women from the Midwestern U.S.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2026Article
- Shorter Anogenital Distance in Women with Adenomyosis Diagnosed by MUSA 2022 Criteria: A Prospective Case-Control Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Generation and characterization of a Cre-inducible MAP3K1 gain-of-function model.Disease models & mechanisms · 2026Article
- External genital features and normative values for anogenital distances and penile length at birth in a healthy Italian population: data from the LIFE-MILCH project.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Relationship between anogenital distance and testicular position in male infants with cryptorchidism with and without hypospadias.International urology and nephrology · 2025Article
- Early fetal sex determination: the predictive value of anogenital distance and fetal heart rate in first-trimester ultrasound.American journal of neurodegenerative disease · 2025Article
- Association between prenatal phthalate exposure and ano-genital indices among offsprings in an Israeli cohort.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Mini-Puberty, Physiological and Disordered: Consequences, and Potential for Therapeutic Replacement.Endocrine reviews · 2024Review
- Exposure to organophosphate esters and maternal-child health.Environmental research · 2024Review
- Anogenital distance in a cohort of 169 infant boys with uni- or bilateral cryptorchidism including 18 boys with vanishing testes.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2024Article
- Development and verification of machine learning model based on anogenital distance, penoscrotal distance, and 2D:4D finger ratio before puberty to predict hypospadias classification.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Article
- Correlation of anogenital distance from childhood to age 9 years-a prospective population-based birth cohort-the Odense Child Cohort.Human reproduction open · 2024Article
- Associations of Exposure to Air Pollution during the Male Programming Window and Mini-Puberty with Anogenital Distance and Penile Width at Birth and at 1 Year of Age in the Multicenter U.S. TIDES Cohort.Environmental health perspectives · 2023Article
- Sex-specific ranges and ratios for anogenital distance among Thai full-term newborns.BMC pediatrics · 2022Article
- Using Experimental Models to Decipher the Effects of Acetaminophen and NSAIDs on Reproductive Development and Health.Frontiers in toxicology · 2022Review
- Azole Fungicides and Their Endocrine Disrupting Properties: Perspectives on Sex Hormone-Dependent Reproductive Development.Frontiers in toxicology · 2022Review
- Chronic Refractory Constipation in Children: Think Beyond Stools.Global pediatric health · 2021Review
- Androgens and the masculinization programming window: human-rodent differences.Biochemical Society transactions · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
contextThe use of anogenital distance (AGD) in clinical and epidemiological settings is increasing; however, sex-specific reference data on AGD and data on longitudinal changes in AGD in children is scarce.
objectiveTo create age-, sex-, and method-related reference ranges of AGD in healthy boys and girls aged 0-24 months, to assess the age-related changes in AGD and to evaluate the 2 predominantly used methods of AGD measurement.
designThe International AGD consortium comprising 4 centers compiled data from 1 cross-sectional and 3 longitudinal cohort studies (clinicaltrials.gov [NCT02497209]).
settingAll data were collected from population-based studies, recruiting from 4 maternity or obstetric centers (United States, Cambridge [United Kingdom], Odense, and Copenhagen [Denmark]). SUBJECTS: This study included a total of 3705 healthy, mainly Caucasian children aged 0-24 months on whom 7295 measurements were recorded.
main outcome measuresAGDAS (ano-scrotal), AGDAF (ano-fourchette), AGDAP (ano-penile), AGDAC (ano-clitoral), AGD body size indices (weight, body mass index [BMI], body surface area, and length), and intra- and interobserver biases.
resultsWe created age-specific reference ranges by centers. We found that AGD increased from birth to 6 months of age and thereafter reached a plateau. Changes in AGD/BMI during the first year of life were minor (0-6% and 0-11% in boys and girls, respectively).
conclusionsReference ranges for AGD can be used in future epidemiological research and may be utilized clinically to evaluate prenatal androgen action in differences-in-sex-development patients. The increase in AGD during the first year of life was age-related, while AGD/BMI was fairly stable. The TIDES and Cambridge methods were equally reproducible.
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Registered trials
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