ArticleEuropean psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists2020
Is cognitive dysfunction involved in difficult-to-treat depression? Characterizing resistance from a cognitive perspective.
Article in European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed.
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- Towards precision psychiatry: initial foundations and future directions.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2026Review
- Impaired regional structure-function coupling as novel neurophenotype: mechanistic insights and diagnostic exploration in treatment-resistant depression.Npj mental health research · 2026Article
- Baseline working memory was associated with improvement in psychological quality of life in patients with persistent depressive symptoms: a prospective observational study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Cognition in Treatment-Resistant Depression: Obstacles and Challenges?Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- Cognitive deficits in treatment-resistant depression: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ open · 2025Article
- Identifying latent subtypes of symptom trajectories in major depressive disorder patients and their predictors.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2025Article
- Insights on the cognitive enhancement effect of desvenlafaxine in major depressive disorder.Annals of general psychiatry · 2025Article
- Long-Term Cognitive Outcomes of Esketamine Nasal Spray in Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Preliminary Report.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Impact of Stress on Brain Morphology: Insights into Structural Biomarkers of Stress-related Disorders.Current neuropharmacology · 2024Review
- In pursuit of full recovery in major depressive disorder.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2023Article
- Evolution of Cognitive Impairments in Treatment-Resistant Depression: Results from the Longitudinal French Centers of Expertise for Treatment-Resistant Depression (FACE-DR) Cohort.Brain sciences · 2023Article
- Factors associated with objective and subjective cognitive impairment in Chinese patients with acute major depressive disorder.BMC psychiatry · 2023Article
- Current Evidence and Theories in Understanding the Relationship between Cognition and Depression in Childhood and Adolescence: A Narrative Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
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9 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundThis study aimed to identify clinical and cognitive factors associated with increased risk for difficult-to-treat depression (DTD) or treatment-resistant depression (TRD).
methodsA total of 229 adult outpatients with major depression were recruited from the mental health unit at a public hospital. Participants were subdivided into resistant and nonresistant groups according to their Maudsley Staging Model score. Sociodemographic, clinical, and cognitive (objective and subjective measures) variables were compared between groups, and a logistic regression model was used to identify the factors most associated with TRD risk.
resultsTRD group patients present higher verbal memory impairment than the nonresistant group irrespective of pharmacological treatment or depressive symptom severity. Logistic regression analysis showed that low verbal memory scores (odds ratio [OR]: 2.02; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.38-2.95) together with high depressive symptom severity (OR: 1.29; CI95%: 1.01-1.65) were associated with TRD risk.
conclusionsOur findings align with neuroprogression models of depression, in which more severe patients, defined by greater verbal memory impairment and depressive symptoms, develop a more resistant profile as a result of increasingly detrimental neuronal changes. Moreover, our results support a more comprehensive approach in the evaluation and treatment of DTD in order to improve illness course. Longitudinal studies are warranted to confirm the predictive value of verbal memory and depression severity in the development of TRD.
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