ArticlePloS one2020
Children's use of race and gender as cues to social status.
Article in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed.
- Social sampling: Children track social choices to reason about status hierarchies.Journal of experimental psychology. General · 2021Trial
- Education about gender development predicts support for transgender youth's gender identity autonomy.Communications psychology · 2026Article
- Gendered speech development in early childhood: Evidence from a longitudinal study of vowel and consonant acoustics.Journal of child language · 2026Article
- How youth think about structural, individual, and random sources of wealth inequality.Journal of experimental child psychology · 2026Article
- Children's social evaluations of occupations involving physical vs. intellectual labor.Child development · 2026Article
- Children's evaluations of direct and indirect bias justifications for same-race inclusion.Journal of experimental child psychology · 2025Article
- Lower subjective status is associated with reduced satiation and satiety among children and adolescents: A laboratory study.Appetite · 2025Article
- Children's Use of Race in Their Social Judgments: A Multi-Site, Multi-Racial Group Comparison.Collabra. Psychology · 2025Article
- The role of dialect, gender, and race in children's friendship choices: Evidence from Mexican monolinguals and Mexican-American bilinguals.Journal of cognition and development : official journal of the Cognitive Development Society · 2025Article
- Who gets sicker and why? Parents' perceptions of COVID-19 disparities and how they would explain them to their children.PloS one · 2025Article
- Gender stereotypes regarding power and niceness in Japanese children.Royal Society open science · 2024Article
- Teachers' Beliefs, Values, and Likelihood of Talking about Group-Based Discrimination.Teaching and teacher education · 2024Article
- Children perpetuate competence-based inequality when they help peers.NPJ science of learning · 2023Article
- Thinking Structurally: A Cognitive Framework for Understanding How People Attribute Inequality to Structural Causes.Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2023Article
- Developmental risk sensitivity theory: the effects of socio-economic status on children's risky gain and loss decisions.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2022Article
- Integrating Objective and Subjective Social Class to Advance Our Understanding of Externalizing Problem Behavior in Children and Adolescents: A Conceptual Review and Model.Clinical child and family psychology review · 2022Review
- Who is a typical woman? Exploring variation in how race biases representations of gender across development.Developmental science · 2022Article
- How White American Children Develop Racial Biases in Emotion Reasoning.Affective science · 2022Article
- Promoting Fair and Just School Environments: Developing Inclusive Youth.Policy insights from the behavioral and brain sciences · 2022Article
- Racial Stereotype Application in 4-to-8-Year-Old White American Children: Emergence and Specificity.Journal of cognition and development : official journal of the Cognitive Development Society · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Social hierarchies are ubiquitous and determine a range of developmental outcomes, yet little is known about when children develop beliefs about status hierarchies in their communities. The present studies (3.5-6.9 years; N = 420) found that children begin to use gender and race as cues to status in early childhood, but that gender and race related to different status dimensions and had different consequences for inter-group attitudes. Children expected boys to hold higher status as defined by access to resources and decision-making power (e.g., having more toys and choosing what other people play with) but did not expect boys to have more wealth overall. Gender-related status beliefs did not relate to gender-related social preferences; instead, children preferred members of their own gender, regardless of their status beliefs. In contrast, children expected White people to be wealthier than Black people, and among some populations of children, the belief that White people were higher status (as defined by access to resources and decision-making power) weakly related to pro-White bias. Children's status-expectations about others were unrelated to beliefs about their own status, suggesting children more readily apply category-based status beliefs to others than to themselves.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.