ArticleJournal of mental health & clinical psychology2020
Subjective Health and Happiness in the United States: Gender Differences in the Effects of Socioeconomic Status Indicators.
Article in Journal of mental health & clinical psychology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Mapping the evidence on the intersection of gender and social determinants of health in health inequality: a scoping review.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Predictors of perceived HIV stigma among people who inject drugs in the United States.Harm reduction journal · 2025Article
- Immigrants' diminished protective effects of parental education and employment on youth mood disorders in Sweden.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Understanding Individual Differences in Happiness Sources and Implications for Health Technology Design: Exploratory Analysis of an Open Dataset.JMIR formative research · 2025Article
- Gender Differences in the Association Between Socioeconomic Status and Cardiometabolic Health: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.Global journal of cardiovascular diseases · 2025Article
- Unequal Effect of Educational Attainment on Reducing Poverty and Welfare; Diminished Returns of American Indian/Alaska Native Populations.Journal of rehabilitation therapy · 2024Article
- Immigration, Educational Attainment, and Subjective Health in the United States.Journal of mental health & clinical psychology · 2024Article
- Association between School Achievement and Tobacco Susceptibility among US Adolescents: Ethnic Differences.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Race and Ethnic Differences in the Protective Effect of Parental Educational Attainment on Subsequent Perceived Tobacco Norms among US Youth.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Number of Chronic Medical Conditions and Quality of Life of Ethnic Minority Older Adults.Geriatrics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Predictors of subjective well-being in Korean men and women: Analysis of nationwide panel survey data.PloS one · 2022Article
- The magnitude and importance of perceived health dimensions define effective tailor-made health-promoting interventions per targeted socioeconomic group.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundEducation, employment, and marital status are among the main socioeconomic status (SES) indicators that are associated with subjective health and happiness. The effects of these SES indicators may, however, be different for various demographic groups.
aimsTo understand if SES indicators differently impact men and women, we tested gender differences in the effects of education, employment, and marital status on the subjective health and happiness of American adults.
methodsThis cross-sectional study used data of the General Social Survey (GSS), a series of nationally representative surveys between 1972 and 2018 in the US. Our analytical sample included 65,814 adults. The main independent variables were education attainment, marital status, and employment. Outcomes were self-rated health (SRH) and happiness measured using single items. Age and year of the study were covariates. Gender was the moderator.
resultsOverall, high education, being employed, and being married were associated with better SRH and happiness. We, however, found significant interactions between gender and educational attainment, marital status, and employment on the outcomes, which suggested that the effect of high education and marital status were stronger for women. In comparison, the effect of employment was stronger for men. Some inconsistencies in the results were observed for SRH compared to happiness.
conclusionsIn the United States, while education, employment, and marital status are critical social determinants of subjective health and happiness, these effects vary between women and men. Men's outcomes seem to be more strongly shaped by employment, while women's outcomes are more strongly shaped by education and marital status.
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