ArticleWater research X2020
Removal of pharmaceuticals from nitrified urine by adsorption on granular activated carbon.
Article in Water research X, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparative Exposure Assessment of Crops Grown by Urine-Derived Fertilizer and Crops Irrigated with Reclaimed Water.Environmental science & technology · 2025Article
- Pharmaceutical Pollutants: Ecotoxicological Impacts and the Use of Agro-Industrial Waste for Their Removal from Aquatic Environments.Journal of xenobiotics · 2024Review
- High content of low molecular weight organics does not always affect pharmaceutical adsorption on activated carbon: The case of acetate, propionate and ethanol in source-separated urine.Water research X · 2023Article
- Effects of pharmaceuticals on the nitrogen cycle in water and soil: a review.Environmental monitoring and assessment · 2022Review
- Quantification of pharmaceuticals in the sealant fluids of actively used waterless urinals.Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation · 2021Article
- Qualitative Risk Analysis for Contents of Dry Toilets Used to Produce Novel Recycling Fertilizers.Circular economy and sustainability · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Nitrification and distillation of urine allow for the recovery of all nutrients in a highly concentrated fertilizer solution. However, pharmaceuticals excreted with urine are only partially removed during these two process steps. For a sustainable and safe application, more extensive removal of pharmaceuticals is necessary. To enhance the pharmaceutical removal, which is already occurring during urine storage, nitrification and distillation, an adsorption column with granular activated carbon (GAC) can be included in the treatment train. We executed a pilot-scale study to investigate the adsorption of eleven indicator pharmaceuticals on GAC. During 74 days, we treated roughly 1000 L of pre-filtered and nitrified urine spiked with pharmaceuticals in two flow-through GAC columns filled with different grain sizes. We compared the performance of these columns by calculating the number of treated bed volumes until breakthrough and carbon usage rates. The eleven spiked pharmaceuticals were candesartan, carbamazepine, clarithromycin, diclofenac, emtricitabine, hydrochlorothiazide, irbesartan, metoprolol, N
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.