ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2020
Black-White Risk Differentials in COVID-19 (SARS-COV2) Transmission, Mortality and Case Fatality in the United States: Translational Epidemiologic Perspective and Challenges.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 98 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
98 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Do COVID-19 Infectious Disease Models Incorporate the Social Determinants of Health? A Systematic Review.Public health reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Medical image processing and COVID-19: A literature review and bibliometric analysis.Journal of infection and public health · 2022Pooled it
- A systematic review of racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in COVID-19.International journal for equity in health · 2021Pooled it
- Racial disparities in COVID-19 pandemic cases, hospitalisations, and deaths: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2021Pooled it
- Abnormal Serum Albumin, Alanine Aminotransferase, and Blood Urea Nitrogen are Associated with Higher Risks for Mechanical Ventilation and In-Hospital Mortality in COVID-19 Positive US Veterans.Biomarker insights · 2026Article
- COVID-19 Case-Fatality Rates in Michigan Are Higher for Arab Americans Compared With Non-Hispanic White Individuals for the Oldest Age Groups.Ethnicity & disease · 2025Article
- Impact of Telehealth on Health Disparities Associated With Travel Time to Hospital for Patients With Recurrent Admissions: 4-Year Panel Data Analysis.Journal of medical Internet research · 2024Article
- The evolutionary cost of homophily: Social stratification facilitates stable variant coexistence and increased rates of evolution in host-associated pathogens.PLoS computational biology · 2024Article
- The evolutionary cost of homophily: social stratification facilitates stable variant coexistence and increased rates of evolution in host-associated pathogens.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Naming racism as a root cause of inequities in palliative care research: a scoping review.BMC palliative care · 2024Article
- Short-term changes in mental health help-seeking behaviors following exposure to multiple social stressors and a natural disaster.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2024Article
- COVID-19 among Black people in Canada: a scoping review.Health promotion and chronic disease prevention in Canada : research, policy and practice · 2024Article
- Demographic and COVID-19-Related Factors Associated with Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms Among African American and Latina Women in a Midwestern State.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2024Article
- Article
- Fight COVID Milwaukee protective behaviors and risk communications associated with the COVID-19 pandemic.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- COVID-19 vaccination telephone outreach: an analysis of the medical student experience.Medical education online · 2023Article
- Apolipoprotein E and viral infection: Risks and Mechanisms.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2023Review
- Community focus groups about a COVID-19 individual risk assessment tool: access, understanding and usefulness.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Addressing COVID-19 inequities using bidirectional crisis and emergency risk communication and vaccine clinic interventions: a descriptive study.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Associations Between Insurance, Race and Ethnicity, and COVID-19 Hospitalization, Beyond Underlying Health Conditions: A Retrospective Cohort Study.AJPM focus · 2023Article
38 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
19 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSocial and health inequities predispose vulnerable populations to adverse morbidity and mortality outcomes of epidemics and pandemics. While racial disparities in cumulative incidence (CmI) and mortality from the influenza pandemics of 1918 and 2009 implicated Blacks with survival disadvantage relative to Whites in the United States, COVID-19 currently indicates comparable disparities. We aimed to: (a) assess COVID-19 CmI by race, (b) determine the Black-White case fatality (CF) and risk differentials, and (c) apply explanatory model for mortality risk differentials.
methodsCOVID-19 data on confirmed cases and deaths by selective states health departments were assessed using a cross-sectional ecologic design. Chi-square was used for CF independence, while binomial regression model for the Black-White risk differentials.
resultsThe COVID-19 mortality CmI indicated Blacks/AA with 34% of the total mortality in the United States, albeit their 13% population size. The COVID-19 CF was higher among Blacks/AA relative to Whites; Maryland, (2.7% vs. 2.5%), Wisconsin (7.4% vs. 4.8%), Illinois (4.8% vs. 4.2%), Chicago (5.9% vs. 3.2%), Detroit (Michigan), 7.2% and St. John the Baptist Parish (Louisiana), 7.9%. Blacks/AA compared to Whites in Michigan were 15% more likely to die, CmI risk ratio (CmIRR) = 1.15, 95% CI, 1.01-1.32. Blacks/AA relative to Whites in Illinois were 13% more likely to die, CmIRR = 1.13, 95% CI, 0.93-1.39, while Blacks/AA compared to Whites in Wisconsin were 51% more likely to die, CmIRR = 1.51, 95% CI, 1.10-2.10. In Chicago, Blacks/AA were more than twice as likely to die, CmIRR = 2.24, 95% CI, 1.36-3.88.
conclusionSubstantial racial/ethnic disparities are observed in COVID-19 CF and mortality with Blacks/AA disproportionately affected across the United States.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.