ReviewThe Lancet. Respiratory medicine2020
Therapeutic blockade of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor in COVID-19-associated hyperinflammation: challenges and opportunities.
Review in The Lancet. Respiratory medicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 88 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
88 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 135 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and safety of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) antibodies in COVID-19 patients: a meta-analysis.Inflammopharmacology · 2023Pooled it
- Management of hospitalised adults with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a European Respiratory Society living guideline.The European respiratory journal · 2021Guideline
- Pooled it
- A randomised trial of anti-GM-CSF otilimab in severe COVID-19 pneumonia (OSCAR).The European respiratory journal · 2023Trial
- Anti-Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Monoclonal Antibody Gimsilumab for COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Trial.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2022Trial
- Effect of a single high dose of vitamin D3 on cytokines, chemokines, and growth factor in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2022Trial
- Namilumab or infliximab compared with standard of care in hospitalised patients with COVID-19 (CATALYST): a randomised, multicentre, multi-arm, multistage, open-label, adaptive, phase 2, proof-of-concept trial.The Lancet. Respiratory medicine · 2022Trial
- Concerted changes in the pediatric single-cell intestinal ecosystem before and after anti-TNF blockade.eLife · 2026Article
- Monocyte/macrophages may exert prominent roles in macrophage activation syndrome.Annals of hematology · 2025Article
- Characteristics of Neonatal Sepsis and Predictive Values of Polyfunctional Assessment of Umbilical Cord Neutrophils Based on Single Cell Proteomic Secretion.Inflammation · 2025Article
- A case of acute lung injury in a peripheral blood stem cell donor mobilized with pegylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.International journal of hematology · 2024Article
- Genetic Susceptibility in Endothelial Injury Syndromes after Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Other Cellular Therapies: Climbing a Steep Hill.Current issues in molecular biology · 2024Review
- Mast cell degranulation-triggered by SARS-CoV-2 induces tracheal-bronchial epithelial inflammation and injury.Virologica Sinica · 2024Article
- Early sevoflurane sedation in severe COVID-19-related lung injury patients. A pilot randomized controlled trial.Annals of intensive care · 2024Article
- Review
- Identification of CRTH2 as a New PPARγ-Target Gene in T Cells Suggested CRTH2 Dependent Conversion of TImmunoTargets and therapy · 2024Article
- Systems-level profiling of early peripheral host-response landscape variations across COVID-19 severity states in an Indian cohort.Genes and immunity · 2023Article
- Correlation of covid-19 and Guillain-Barré syndrome: A Mechanistic Perspective.Obesity medicine · 2023Review
- How I treat cytopenias after CAR T-cell therapy.Blood · 2023Article
- Aged brain and neuroimmune responses to COVID-19: post-acute sequelae and modulatory effects of behavioral and nutritional interventions.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2023Review
28 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is a global public health crisis, with considerable mortality and morbidity exerting pressure on health-care resources, including critical care. An excessive host inflammatory response in a subgroup of patients with severe COVID-19 might contribute to the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multiorgan failure. Timely therapeutic intervention with immunomodulation in patients with hyperinflammation could prevent disease progression to ARDS and obviate the need for invasive ventilation. Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is an immunoregulatory cytokine with a pivotal role in initiation and perpetuation of inflammatory diseases. GM-CSF could link T-cell-driven acute pulmonary inflammation with an autocrine, self-amplifying cytokine loop leading to monocyte and macrophage activation. This axis has been targeted in cytokine storm syndromes and chronic inflammatory disorders. Here, we consider the scientific rationale for therapeutic targeting of GM-CSF in COVID-19-associated hyperinflammation. Since GM-CSF also has a key role in homoeostasis and host defence, we discuss potential risks associated with inhibition of GM-CSF in the context of viral infection and the challenges of doing clinical trials in this setting, highlighting in particular the need for a patient risk-stratification algorithm.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.