ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2020
Causal Effects of Air Pollution on Mortality Rate in Massachusetts.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Physical Activity, Air Pollution, and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Sports medicine - open · 2025Pooled it
- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Assessing the Impact of Improved Cookstove Technology Trials (ICTs) on Household Air Pollution and Human Health in Sub-Saharan Africa.Current environmental health reports · 2025Pooled it
- Short-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Environmental research · 2021Pooled it
- Long-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis.The Science of the total environment · 2021Pooled it
- The APHEA project as a turning point in modern environmental epidemiology: Current and future relevance.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2026Article
- Cardiopulmonary hospitalization risks from wildfire-specific and non-wildfire PMNature communications · 2026Article
- Implementing empirical likelihood within the causal inference framework to study causal effects of air pollution on reproductive development.Statistical methods in medical research · 2026Article
- Chronic effects of wildfire smoke and criteria air pollutants on cardiovascular hospitalization rates in the contiguous US.Environmental research · 2025Article
- Accelerated transcriptomic age and susceptibility to traffic-related air pollution among cardiac catheterization patients.The Science of the total environment · 2025Article
- Short-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter (PMGeoHealth · 2025Article
- Nationwide Machine Learning-Ensemble PMEnvironment & health (Washington, D.C.) · 2025Article
- Particulate Constituents and Posttransplant Outcomes Among Kidney Transplant Recipients.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Changes in the short-term relationship between air pollution and mortality in New York City, 1990-2019.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2025Article
- Nationwide association between ambient ozone and sudden cardiac arrests in South Korea.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Short-term ambient PMEnvironmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2025Article
- Causal Concentration-Response Modeling with Continuous Curves and Exposure Error Correction:Environmental health perspectives · 2025Article
- Long-term exposure to smoke PMEnvironment international · 2025Article
- Effect of Air Pollution Reductions on Mortality During the COVID-19 Lockdowns in Early 2020.Research report (Health Effects Institute) · 2025Article
- Methods for Estimating the Exposure-Response Curve to Inform the New Safety Standards for Fine Particulate Matter.Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A, (Statistics in Society) · 2025Article
- The association of short-term increases in ambient PM2.5 and temperature exposures with stillbirth: racial/ethnic disparities among Medicaid recipients.American journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
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Abstract
Air pollution epidemiology studies have primarily investigated long- and short-term exposures separately, have used multiplicative models, and have been associational studies. Implementing a generalized propensity score adjustment approach with 3.8 billion person-days of follow-up, we simultaneously assessed causal associations of long-term (1-year moving average) and short-term (2-day moving average) exposure to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 μm (PM2.5), ozone, and nitrogen dioxide with all-cause mortality on an additive scale among Medicare beneficiaries in Massachusetts (2000-2012). We found that long- and short-term PM2.5, ozone, and nitrogen dioxide exposures were all associated with increased mortality risk. Specifically, per 10 million person-days, each 1-μg/m3 increase in long- and short-term PM2.5 exposure was associated with 35.4 (95% confidence interval (CI): 33.4, 37.6) and 3.04 (95% CI: 2.17, 3.94) excess deaths, respectively; each 1-part per billion (ppb) increase in long- and short-term ozone exposure was associated with 2.35 (95% CI: 1.08, 3.61) and 2.41 (95% CI: 1.81, 2.91) excess deaths, respectively; and each 1-ppb increase in long- and short-term nitrogen dioxide exposure was associated with 3.24 (95% CI: 2.75, 3.77) and 5.60 (95% CI: 5.24, 5.98) excess deaths, respectively. Mortality associated with long-term PM2.5 and ozone exposure increased substantially at low levels. The findings suggested that air pollution was causally associated with mortality, even at levels below national standards.
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