ArticleCellular microbiology2020
Protective effect of fungal extracellular vesicles against murine candidiasis.
Article in Cellular microbiology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 64 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 86 citations in OpenAlex.
- RethinkingVaccines · 2026Review
- A Review of the Therapeutic Challenges and Novel Treatment Options in Mitigating Invasive Mycosis Associated withJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Bacterial Membrane Vesicles as Versatile Platforms for Systemic and Mucosal Vaccines.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Exploring the roles of fungal extracellular vesicles in fungal pathogenesis and symbiosis: Current understandings and future perspectives.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2026Review
- Characterization of the secretome of Aspergillus brasiliensis during sucrose metabolism in solid-state and submerged fermentations.Archives of microbiology · 2026Article
- Fungal extracellular vesicles mediate conserved cross-species communication and immunomodulation.mBio · 2026Article
- Extracellular vesicles ofInfection and immunity · 2026Article
- Optimization of Production Conditions for Extracellular Vesicles from Lacticaseibacillus Paracasei LH23 Using Response Surface Methodology: Enhancement of Yield and Exploration of Stability, Safety, and Anti-inflammatory Capacity.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Article
- Article
- Extracellular vesicles produced byExtracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids · 2026Review
- Impact of storage on the stability and the protective effect of extracellular vesicles released byApplied and environmental microbiology · 2025Article
- Review
- The Role of microRNAs and Cell-Free DNAs in Fungal Infections: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Literature.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Article
- Extracellular vesicles from DistinctACS infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Things you wanted to know about fungal extracellular vesicles (but were afraid to ask).PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Review
- In Vitro Interaction Between Yeast Extracellular Vesicles and Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Unveiling the fungal frontier: mycological insights into inflammatory bowel disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- From High Protection to Lethal Effect: Diverse Outcomes of Immunization Against Invasive Candidiasis with DifferentInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayered compartments released by virtually all living cells, including fungi. Among the diverse molecules carried by fungal EVs, a number of immunogens, virulence factors and regulators have been characterised. Within EVs, these components could potentially impact disease outcomes by interacting with the host. From this perspective, we previously demonstrated that EVs from Candida albicans could be taken up by and activate macrophages and dendritic cells to produce cytokines and express costimulatory molecules. Moreover, pre-treatment of Galleria mellonella larvae with fungal EVs protected the insects against a subsequent lethal infection with C. albicans yeasts. These data indicate that C. albicans EVs are multi-antigenic compartments that activate the innate immune system and could be exploited as vaccine formulations. Here, we investigated whether immunisation with C. albicans EVs induces a protective effect against murine candidiasis in immunosuppressed mice. Total and fungal antigen-specific serum IgG antibodies increased by 21 days after immunisation, confirming the efficacy of the protocol. Vaccination decreased fungal burden in the liver, spleen and kidney of mice challenged with C. albicans. Splenic levels of cytokines indicated a lower inflammatory response in mice immunised with EVs when compared with EVs + Freund's adjuvant (ADJ). Higher levels of IL-12p70, TNFα and IFNγ were detected in mice vaccinated with EVs + ADJ, while IL-12p70, TGFβ, IL-4 and IL-10 were increased when no adjuvants were added. Full protection of lethally challenged mice was observed when EVs were administered, regardless the presence of adjuvant. Physical properties of the EVs were also investigated and EVs produced by C. albicans were relatively stable after storage at 4, -20 or -80°C, keeping their ability to activate dendritic cells and to protect G. mellonella against a lethal candidiasis. Our data suggest that fungal EVs could be a safe source of antigens to be exploited in vaccine formulations.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.