Observational studyThe Laryngoscope2021
Increased Expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 in Patients With Laryngotracheal Stenosis.
Observational study in The Laryngoscope, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- The use of centrifugated autologous lipoaspirate in the endoscopic management of idiopathic subglottic stenosis: results from a retrospective non-randomized study.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2026Observational
- An immunohistological analysis of 13 idiopathic subglottic stenosis (iSGS) excisions: a single centre study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- PD-L1 Acts Independently of PD-1 as a Marker of Pathologic Fibroblasts in Laryngotracheal Stenosis.Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery · 2025Article
- Review
- A Comprehensive Flow Cytometry Panel for Analysis of Idiopathic Subglottic Stenosis.Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery · 2024Article
- The role of tracheal wall injury in the development of benign airway stenosis in rabbits.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- PD-1/PD-L1 axis in organ fibrosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Identifying Phenotypically Distinct Fibroblast Subsets in Type 2 Diabetes-Associated Iatrogenic Laryngotracheal Stenosis.Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery · 2022Article
- Molecular Mechanisms and Physiological Changes behind Benign Tracheal and Subglottic Stenosis in Adults.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- High-Dimensional Analysis Reveals Distinct Endotypes in Patients With Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- An Updated Review of Subglottic Stenosis: Etiology, Evaluation, and Management.Current pulmonology reports · 2022Review
- Efficacy, Safety, and Impact on Patient Survival of PDL1/PD-1 Inhibitors versus FOLFIRINOX Regimens for Advanced Pancreatic Cancer.Computational and mathematical methods in medicine · 2022Article
- Soluble Programmed Death Ligand-1 (sPD-L1): A Pool of Circulating Proteins Implicated in Health and Diseases.Cancers · 2021Review
- Quantitative Assessment of the Immune Microenvironment in Patients With Iatrogenic Laryngotracheal Stenosis.Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery · 2021Article
- Post-intubation subglottic stenosis: aetiology at the cellular and molecular level.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2021Review
- Persistent Inflammation and Nitric Oxide Dysregulation Are Transcriptomic Blueprints of Subglottic Stenosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesLaryngotracheal stenosis (LTS) is a fibrotic condition of the upper airway. Recent evidence suggests dysregulated host immunity plays a role in LTS development and progression. The programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) axis, targeted by paradigm-shifting immunotherapies for cancer treatment, has also recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of fibrotic pulmonary disease. However, a role for the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in the proximal airway fibrosis seen in LTS patients has not been explored. STUDY
designControlled ex vivo study.
methodsExpression of PD-1, PD-L1, CD4, and CD8 were evaluated using immunohistochemical staining of cricotracheal resection specimens from postintubation iatrogenic laryngotracheal stenosis (iLTS), idiopathic subglottic stenosis (iSGS) patients, and normal controls derived from rapid autopsy (n = 8 per group). Fibroblasts derived from iLTS scar were also treated with transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) and analyzed for PD-L1 expression by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (n = 6).
resultsiLTS specimens exhibited increased expression of PD-1, PD-L1, and CD4 (all P < .0167) compared to controls, whereas iSGS specimens exhibited increased expression of PD-1 and CD4 (P < .0167) compared to controls. PD-1, PD-L1, and CD4 showed periepithelial patterns of expression in both disease cohorts. TGFβ1 treatment of iLTS fibroblasts increased expression of PD-L1 (the cognate ligand for PD-1).
conclusionExpression of both PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1 are significantly greater in patients with iLTS compared to controls, and PD-1 expression is also elevated in patients with iSGS. Given published evidence implicating the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in pulmonary fibrosis, this suggests a possible role for checkpoint inhibitors targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis for the treatment of LTS. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: N/A Laryngoscope, 131:967-974, 2021.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.