Heavy metal and metalloid contamination and health risk assessment in spring water on the territory of Belgrade City, Serbia.

The aim of this research was to examine the content of heavy metals and metalloids in the spring water on the territory of Belgrade City and their health risk. This paper presents results of the content and non-carcinogenic health risk assessment of aluminum, iron, chromium, manganese, nickel, copper, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, mercury and lead, as well as carcinogenic health risk assessment of arsenic, in untreated spring water on the territory of Belgrade City. 23 out of 30 registered and controlled springs in Belgrade City were sampled and examined. The analysis of all samples was done using an ICP-MS. Descriptive and multivariate statistical analysis of data was done, and based on Shapiro-Wilk test of normality, all data sets, from which mean values of heavy metals and metalloids were calculated, have normal distribution. Pearson's correlation coefficient for the examined elements was determined too, as well as spatial distribution and cluster analysis with dendrogram. Based on heavy metal and metalloid concentrations, the health risk assessment (HQ) was calculated. Although the concentrations of certain heavy metals and metalloids in untreated water were in a wide range of values and differed significantly, in a large number of springs concentrations of most of the investigated heavy metals and metalloids were lower than the maximum permissible concentrations prescribed by the legislation of the Republic of Serbia and do not show unacceptable non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risk.