ArticlePloS one2020
Examination of different definitions of snacking frequency and associations with weight status among U.S. adults.
Article in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Lifestyle and Dietary Behaviors Are Associated with Body Mass Index in Romanian Young Adults.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Impact of the Dinner Tonight Healthy Cooking School on Participants' Nutrition Knowledge and Cooking Confidence.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Associations between Health Interest Scale Dimensions and Obesity Risk: A Cross-sectional Study among Japanese Employees.JMA journal · 2025Article
- Comparison of Meal Patterns Across Common Racial Groups in the UK and the USA, Examining Associations with Weight Status and Diet Quality: a Secondary Analysis of NDNS and NHANES Datasets.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Article
- Nutrient Density, Added Sugar, and Fiber Content of Commercially Available Fruit Snacks in the United States from 2017 to 2022.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Snack frequency, size, and energy density are associated with diet quality among US adolescents.Public health nutrition · 2023Article
- Reliability estimates for assessing meal timing derived from longitudinal repeated 24-hour dietary recalls.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2023Article
- Article
- Perception and demand for healthy snacks/beverages among US consumers vary by product, health benefit, and color.PloS one · 2023Article
- Understanding the link between frequency of eating and cardiometabolic health outcomes in Americans who "snack".JDS communications · 2022Review
- Frequency of Eating in the US Population: A Narrative Review of the 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee Report.Current developments in nutrition · 2022Article
- Perspective: A Framework for Addressing Dynamic Food Consumption Processes.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Snacks, while widely consumed in the United States (U.S.), do not have a standard definition, complicating research to understand associations, if any, with weight status. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the association between snacking frequency and weight status using various snacking definitions that exist in the scientific literature among U.S. adults (NHANES 2013-2016; ≥20y n = 9,711). Four event-based snacking definitions were operationalized including participant-defined snacks, eating events outside of meals, and operationally defined snacks based on absolute thresholds of energy consumed (>50 kcal). Weight status was examined using body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and sagittal abdominal diameter risk. Logistic regression models examined snacking frequency and associations with weight status. Outcomes varied by the definition of a snack employed, but the majority of findings were null. Mean energy from snacks was significantly higher among women with obesity compared to women with normal weight when a snack was defined as any event outside of a typical mealtime (i.e. other than breakfast, lunch, dinner, super, brunch), regardless of whether or not it contributed ≥50 kcal. Further investigation into ingestive behaviors that may influence the relationship between snacking frequency and weight status is needed.
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