ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2020
Conversion of asymptomatic infection to symptomatic visceral leishmaniasis: A study of possible immunological markers.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- An Insight Into Systemic Immune Response inFrontiers in immunology · 2021Trial
- Comparative RNA-Seq Analysis Reveals Macrophage Polarization and T Cell Exhaustion Signatures in Visceral Leishmaniasis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Immune-Pathological Correlates of Disease Severity in New-World Kala-Azar: The Role of Parasite Load and Cytokine Profiles.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Assessment of asymptomaticFrontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Incidence and persistence of asymptomatic Leishmania infection among HIV-infected patients in Trang province, Southern Thailand: A cohort study.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Manufacturing and preclinical toxicity of GLP grade gene deleted attenuated Leishmania donovani parasite vaccine.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Visceral Leishmaniasis in Immunocompetent Hosts in Brescia: A Case Series and Analysis of Cytokine Cascade.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Viable Leishmania parasites in the absence of an in vitro IFN-γ response in asymptomatic carriers.Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo · 2024Article
- Case Report: Diagnosis and Treatment of Two Clinical Cases of Visceral Leishmaniasis-Related Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2023Article
- Laboratory diagnostics for human Leishmania infections: a polymerase chain reaction-focussed review of detection and identification methods.Parasites & vectors · 2022Review
- Mathematical modelling of the use of insecticide-treated nets for elimination of visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar, India.Royal Society open science · 2021Article
- Effects of Visceralising Leishmania on the Spleen, Liver, and Bone Marrow: A Pathophysiological Perspective.Microorganisms · 2021Review
- Leishmaniasis in the United States: Emerging Issues in a Region of Low Endemicity.Microorganisms · 2021Review
- Nanodiagnostics in leishmaniasis: A new frontiers for early elimination.Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology · 2021Review
- Precision Medicine in Control of Visceral Leishmaniasis Caused byFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Review
- Molecular Tracking of theFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionPresence of asymptomatic individuals in endemic areas is common. The possible biomarkers in asymptomatic individuals once they get exposed to infection as well as following conversion to symptomatic disease are yet to be identified.We identified asymptomatic Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) infection amongst rK39+sorted direct agglutination test positive (DAT+) endemic healthy population and confirmed it by quantitative PCR(qPCR).The immunological determinants such as Adenosine deaminase (ADA), Interferon gamma (IFN-γ), Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α) and Interleukin 10 (IL-10)were examined to predict probable biomarkers for conversion to symptomatic VL.
methodsSample size was 5794 healthy individuals from VL endemic region. Antibody tests(DAT &rK39) were performed and later a qPCR assay was employed using kDNA specific primers and probes. Immunological biomarkers examined were ADA level by ADA-MTP kit and quantitative cytokines(IFN-γ, IL-10 and TNF-α) by ELISA.
results120 asymptomatic individuals of 308 rK39 sero-positives were DAT positive comprising of 56 with previous history and 64 with no history of VL. RT-PCR confirmed asymptomatic VL in 42 sero-positives. These were followed up through repeated qPCR and evaluation of immunological determinants. We observed10 symptomatic cases converted from a total of 42 asymptomatic individuals identified at base-line. The level of ADA, IL-10 and IFN-γ remained consistently high in asymptomatic cases and amongst these, ADA and IL-10 but not IFN-γ remained higher at the development of clinical symptoms into active VL. On the contrary, there was no significant change in the mean concentration of TNF-α at both stages of the disease. DISCUSSION: We surmise from our data that considerable proportion of asymptomatic cases can be a reservoir and may play a crucial role in transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in endemic areas. The data also suggests that ADA and IL-10 can serve as a potential biomarker during the conversion of asymptomatic into symptomatic VL.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.