ArticleJournal of immunotherapy (Hagerstown, Md. : 1997)2020
A Phase I, Dose Escalation, Single Dose Trial of Oral Attenuated Salmonella typhimurium Containing Human IL-2 in Patients With Metastatic Gastrointestinal Cancers.
Article in Journal of immunotherapy (Hagerstown, Md. : 1997), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- A phase 2 study of orally administered live biotherapeutic salmonella-IL2 with FOLFIRINOX for stage IV pancreatic cancer.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2026Trial
- Leveraging the bacteria for enhanced cancer immunotherapy: from a perspective of synthetic biology.Cancer biology & therapy · 2026Review
- Engineering Salmonella as an immune-metabolic modulator of the tumor microenvironment.Trends in biotechnology · 2026Review
- Bacterial engineering for cancer therapy.Nature cancer · 2026Review
- Microbial Signals in Cancer: Dissecting Host-Microbiota-Tumor Interactions and Potential Therapeutic Strategy.MedComm · 2026Review
- Bacterial-based cancer therapy: mechanisms and therapeutic advances.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Magnetic medical microrobots with memory-capable genetic circuits.Science advances · 2026Article
- Engineering CAR-T cells for solid tumors: overcoming antigenic, trafficking, and microenvironmental barriers.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- AttenuatedFrontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Optimization Strategies and Synergistic Applications of EngineeredInternational journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Review
- Engineering bacteria for enhanced tumor therapy: from surface modification to synthetic genetic circuits.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2025Review
- Harnessing live vectors for cancer vaccines: Advancing therapeutic immunotherapy.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Review
- Engineered Bacteria-Nano Hybrid System: The Intelligent Drug Factory for Next-Generation Cancer Immunotherapy.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Turning cold tumors into hot tumors to ignite immunotherapy.Molecular cancer · 2025Review
- Current status and future perspectives of multi-modal bacteria-based cancer therapies.Clinical and translational medicine · 2025Review
- Bacteria-based immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment reprogramming: a promising dawn in cancer therapy.Microbial cell factories · 2025Review
- Advancements in understanding tumor-resident bacteria and their application in cancer therapy.Military Medical Research · 2025Review
- Leveraging dysregulated tumor metabolism for targeting anticancer bacteria.Science advances · 2025Article
- Designing live bacterial therapeutics for cancer.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Salmonella has been shown to preferentially colonize solid tumors. It is known that toxicity limits the systemic administration of immunomodulatory cytokines that have a significant anticancer effect. Therefore, we tested a unique cancer treatment strategy comprised of oral delivery of Saltikva, an attenuated strain of Salmonella typhimurium that contain the human gene for interleukin-2. In preclinical experimentation, a significant antitumor effect without toxicity was observed. A dose escalation, single dose, Phase I trial was conducted. Dose escalation (10 to 10) while monitoring for dose limiting toxicity and response was performed. Flow cytometry was conducted to determine the immunologic effect. In total 22 patients were administered Saltikva. Eight patients did not complete the trial. No toxicity or adverse events were observed. There was no survival advantage. Flow cytometry demonstrated an increase in circulating natural killer (NK) cells and NK-T cells when comparing the prestudy period. The results of this phase I dose escalation study show that oral attenuated S. typhimurium containing the human interleukin-2 gene caused no significant toxicities up to doses of 10 colony forming unit. There was no evidence of partial or complete response. All patients had progressive disease and eventually succumbed to their illness. Although no survival advantage was seen in this single dose study, the statistically significant increase in circulating NK and NK-T cell demonstrates an immunologic effect from this treatment regimen and suggest that a multiple dose study should be undertaken.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.