Early Imaging Based Predictive Modeling of Cognitive Performance Following Therapy for Childhood ALL.

In the United States, Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), the most common child and adolescent malignancy, accounts for roughly 25% of childhood cancers diagnosed annually with a 5-year survival rate as high as 94% [1]. This improved survival rate comes with an increased risk for delayed neurocognitive effects in attention, working memory, and processing speed [2]. Predictive modeling and characterization of neurocognitive effects are critical to inform the family and also to identify patients for interventions targeting. Current state-of-the-art methods mainly use hypothesis-driven statistical testing methods to characterize and model such cognitive events. While these techniques have proven to be useful in understanding cognitive abilities, they are inadequate in explaining causal relationships, as well as individuality and variations. In this study, we developed multivariate data-driven models to measure the late neurocognitive effects of ALL patients using behavioral phenotypes, Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DTI) based tractography data, morphometry statistics, tractography measures, behavioral, and demographic variables. Alongside conventional machine learning and graph mining, we adopted "Stability Selection" to select the most relevant features and choose models that are consistent over a range of parameters. The proposed approach demonstrated substantially improved accuracy (13% - 26%) over existing models and also yielded relevant features that were verified by domain experts.