ReviewFrontiers in immunology2020
Free Amino Acids in Human Milk: A Potential Role for Glutamine and Glutamate in the Protection Against Neonatal Allergies and Infections.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 91 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Review to Reassess the Formula for Early Life Growth.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Pooled it
- Systematic review of metabolism and safety aspects of monosodium glutamate intake in infants and lactating mothers: a scientific and regulatory perspective.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Breastfeeding Affects Concentration of Faecal Short Chain Fatty Acids During the First Year of Life: Results of the Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Pooled it
- Nationwide cohort study reveals low bifidobacteria and distinct microbiota composition and function in Swedish newborns.Gut microbes · 2026Observational
- Glutamate: Safe and Adequate Intake Levels for Infants-Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Untargeted Metabolomics Analysis of Human Milk from Breastfeeding Bangladeshi Women Reveals Amino Acid Metabolic Pathways Associated with Maternal Nutritional Status and Infant Growth.The Journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- The Metabolic-Immune Axis: Amino Acids and Immune Cell Dynamics in Mammary Gland Development and Remodeling.International journal of biological sciences · 2026Review
- NMR-Based Metabolomic Profiling Highlights Functional Nutritional Gaps Between Human Milk, Infant Formulas, and Animal Milks.Metabolites · 2025Article
- Prenatal Nitrogen Oxide (NOEnvironmental science & technology · 2025Article
- Comparative Analysis of Breastfeeding and Infant Formulas: Short- and Long-Term Impacts on Infant Nutrition and Health.Food science & nutrition · 2025Review
- Current Data on the Role of Amino Acids in the Management of Obesity in Children and Adolescents.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- EM Dipeptide Enhances Milk Protein Secretion: Evidence from Integrated Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis.Metabolites · 2025Article
- Maternal obesity, age and infant sex influence the profiles of amino acids, energetic metabolites, sugars, and fatty acids in human milk.European journal of nutrition · 2025Observational
- Evaluating Metabolic Profiling of Human Milk Using Biocrates MxPMetabolites · 2025Article
- Diabetes-preventive molecular mechanisms of breast versus formula feeding: new insights into the impact of milk on stem cell Wnt signaling.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Review
- Proteome characterization of extracellular vesicles from human milk: Uncovering the surfaceome by a lipid-based protein immobilization technology.Journal of extracellular biology · 2024Article
- Adipocytes Are the Only Site of Glutamine Synthetase Expression Within the Lactating Mouse Mammary Gland.Current developments in nutrition · 2024Article
- Metabolic maturation in the infant urine during the first 3 months of life.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Effects of lysine and threonine on milk yield, amino acid metabolism, and fecal microbiota of Yili lactating mares.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
- Understanding the Immunological Quality of Breast Milk in Maternal Overweight and Obesity.Nutrients · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Breastfeeding is indicated to support neonatal immune development and to protect against neonatal infections and allergies. Human milk composition is widely studied in relation to these unique abilities, which has led to the identification of various immunomodulating components in human milk, including various bioactive proteins. In addition to proteins, human milk contains free amino acids (FAAs), which have not been well-studied. Of those, the FAAs glutamate and glutamine are by far the most abundant. Levels of these FAAs in human milk sharply increase during the first months of lactation, in contrast to most other FAAs. These unique dynamics are globally consistent, suggesting that their levels in human milk are tightly regulated throughout lactation and, consequently, that they might have specific roles in the developing neonate. Interestingly, free glutamine and glutamate are reported to exhibit immunomodulating capacities, indicating that these FAAs could contribute to neonatal immune development and to the unique protective effects of breastfeeding. This review describes the current understanding of the FAA composition in human milk. Moreover, it provides an overview of the effects of free glutamine and glutamate on immune parameters relevant for allergic sensitization and infections in early life. The data reviewed provide rationale to study the role of free glutamine and glutamate in human milk in the protection against neonatal allergies and infections.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.