ArticleNeuropsychiatric disease and treatment2020
HMGB1/CXCL12-Mediated Immunity and Th17 Cells Might Underlie Highly Suspected Autoimmune Epilepsy in Elderly Individuals.
Article in Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Review of the Predictive and Diagnostic Uses of Neuroinflammation Biomarkers for Epileptogenesis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- HMGB1 blood levels and neurological outcomes after traumatic brain injury: Insights from an exploratory study.Epilepsia open · 2025Article
- The critical role of Th17 cells and IL-17A in autoimmune and inflammation-associated neurological diseases: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Research progress on the role of inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of epilepsy.Ibrain · 2025Review
- Article
- Altered Cytokine Profile in Clinically Suspected Seronegative Autoimmune Associated Epilepsy.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- A review of the pathogenesis of epilepsy based on the microbiota-gut-brain-axis theory.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2024Review
- Review
- Epilepsy and nodding syndrome in association with an Onchocerca volvulus infection drive distinct immune profile patterns.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Neuroinflammatory mediators in acquired epilepsy: an update.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2023Review
- DNA Methylation Description of Hippocampus, Cortex, Amygdala, and Blood of Drug-Resistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy.Molecular neurobiology · 2023Article
- Biomarkers of Drug Resistance in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy in Adults.Metabolites · 2023Article
- Neuroinflammation in epileptogenesis: from pathophysiology to therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Microbiota-gut-brain axis and ketogenic diet: how close are we to tackling epilepsy?Microbiome research reports · 2023Review
- The value of immunotherapy in children with initial short-term frequent seizures.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Article
- Gut Microbial Characteristics of Adult Patients With Epilepsy.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2022Article
- Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis and Epilepsy: A Review on Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutics.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Cerebrospinal Fluid IL-17A Could Predict Acute Disease Severity in Non-NMDA-Receptor Autoimmune Encephalitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeLate-onset epilepsy due to autoimmune dysfunction has been reported. However, definitive diagnosis requires positive antibody results. As a result, patients with negative antibody results, but presenting with classical manifestation of autoimmune epilepsy, may be managed as suspected cases. In this study, we aim to isolate and profile the concentration of cytokines/chemokines in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the serum to ascertain if they could act as alternative diagnostic biomarkers. PATIENTS AND
methodsTwenty patients aged ≥50 years were considered in this study. Ten patients were diagnosed with suspected autoimmune epilepsy (sAE) based on clinic manifestation, electroencephalogram, magnetic resonance imaging, and with negative antibody results of the serum and the CSF. The equivalent control group exhibited neurological disorders due to non-inflammatory pathologies. Serum and CSF were analyzed for cytokines/chemokines concentration, including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-17, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL)12 and CXCL13, as well as high-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) and B cell activation factor (BAFF)).
resultsThe CSF levels of IL-6, IL-17, HMGB1, and CXCL12 were significantly higher in the sAE group than in the control group. There was no difference in the CSF levels of IL-10, CXCL13 and BAFF. The serum levels of HMGB1 and CXCL12 were elevated in the sAE group compared with the control group, and there was no statistical difference in the serum levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, CXCL13, and BAFF between the two groups.
conclusionOur study shows that cytokines/chemokines may act as alternative biomarkers for diagnosis of sAE. The activation of both HMGB1/CXCL12-mediated immunity and T helper cells 17 (Th17) cells may be playing a central role in the pathogenesis of sAE. We suggest that cytokines/chemokines be treated as adjuvant biomarkers, instead of solely relying on antibody screening test. However, a larger cohort in a prospective approach is required to validate our findings.
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