ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2020
Direct discrimination of structured light by humans.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evaluating the reliability of structured light entoptic tasks.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Topological expansion of Boehm's brushes via structured light.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Eye Dominance and Testing Order Effects in the Circularly-Oriented Macular Pigment Optical Density Measurements.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Considering the Effect of Neural Adaptation in the Estimation of Haidinger's Brush Perceptual Threshold.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Quantitative diagnosis of amyloid without Congo red staining using polarized light microscopy.Biomedical optics express · 2025Article
- Characterizing the circularly oriented macular pigment using spatiotemporal sensitivity to structured light entoptic phenomena.Journal of vision · 2025Article
- Measuring the visual angle of polarization-related entoptic phenomena using structured light.Biomedical optics express · 2024Article
- Structured light enhanced entoptic stimuli for vision science applications.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Review
- Experimental realization of neutron helical waves.Science advances · 2022Article
- Human psychophysical discrimination of spatially dependant Pancharatnam-Berry phases in optical spin-orbit states.Scientific reports · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
We predict and experimentally verify an entoptic phenomenon through which humans are able to perceive and discriminate optical spin-orbit states. Direct perception and discrimination of these particular states of light with polarization-coupled spatial modes is possible through the observation of distinct profiles induced by the interaction between polarization topologies and the radially symmetric dichroic elements that are centered on the foveola in the macula of the human eye. A psychophysical study was conducted where optical states with a superposition of right and left circular polarization coupled to two different orbital angular momentum (OAM) values ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]) were directed onto the retina of participants. The number of azimuthal fringes that a human sees when viewing the spin-orbit states is shown to be equal to the number (N) of radial lines in the corresponding polarization profile of the beam, where [Formula: see text] The participants were able to correctly discriminate between two states carrying OAM [Formula: see text] and differentiated by [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], with an average success probability of 77.6% (average sensitivity [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]). These results enable methods of robustly characterizing the structure of the macula, probing retina signaling pathways, and conducting experiments with human detectors and optical states with nonseparable modes.
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