ArticleTrials2020
Intra-cluster correlation coefficients in primary care patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension.
Article in Trials, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. It is linked to trial NCT06561126 (Engagement of coMmunity Through Participatory Learning and Action for cOntrol and preVEntion of Type II Diabetes and Its Risk Factors [EMPOWER-D]), which is not on this map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Engagement of coMmunity Through Participatory Learning and Action for cOntrol and preVEntion of Type II Diabetes and Its Risk Factors [EMPOWER-D]: Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
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- Effect of a school-linked life skills intervention on adolescents' sexual and reproductive health skills in Guji zone, Ethiopia (CRT)-A generalized linear model.Frontiers in public health · 2023Trial
- Intraclass correlation coefficients for weight loss cluster randomized trials in primary care: The PROPEL trial.Clinical obesity · 2022Trial
- Proactive health behaviour intervention strategies for older T2DM patients with multimorbidity: protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial with hybrid type 2 effectiveness-implementation design.BMC primary care · 2026Article
- Assessing the Generalizability of Client Experience Measurement Tools in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Narrative Review.Global health, science and practice · 2025Review
- Potential overtreatment in elderly patients with diabetes mellitus: Results from a cross-sectional study in German general practice.The European journal of general practice · 2025Article
- Digital intelligence for cardiometabolic health management in older adults: protocol for a community-based prospective cohort study.BMC geriatrics · 2025Article
- Exploring healthcare facilities' readiness for standard precautions in infection prevention and control: a cross-country comparative analysis of six low- and middle-income countries using national cross-sectional surveys.Journal of global health · 2025Article
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- Improvement of Care Cascade for Hypertension and Diabetes in Rural China: Protocol for an Implementation Study.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2024Article
- Article
- Patient Partnership Tools to Support Medication Safety in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Protocol for a Nonrandomized Stepped Wedge Clinical Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2024Article
- Design of a hybrid implementation effectiveness cluster randomized controlled trial of delivering written exposure therapy for PTSD in underserved primary care settings.Contemporary clinical trials · 2024Article
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- Correction to: Intra-cluster correlation coefficients in primary care patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension.Trials · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionThere are few sources of published data on intra-cluster correlation coefficients (ICCs) amongst patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and/or hypertension in primary care, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. ICC values are necessary for determining the sample sizes of cluster randomized trials. Hence, we aim to report the ICC values for a range of measures from a cluster-based interventional study conducted in Malaysia.
methodBaseline data from a large study entitled Evaluation of Enhanced Primary Health Care interventions in public health clinics (EnPHC-EVA: Facility) were used in this analysis. Data from 40 public primary care clinics were collected through retrospective chart reviews and a patient exit survey. We calculated the ICCs for processes of care, clinical outcomes and patient experiences in patients with T2D and/or hypertension using the analysis of variance approach.
resultsPatient experience had the highest ICC values compared to processes of care and clinical outcomes. The ICC values ranged from 0.01 to 0.48 for processes of care. Generally, the ICC values for processes of care for patients with hypertension only are higher than those for T2D patients, with or without hypertension. However, both groups of patients have similar ICCs for antihypertensive medications use. In addition, similar ICC values were observed for clinical outcomes, ranging from 0.01 to 0.09. For patient experience, the ICCs were between 0.03 (proportion of patients who are willing to recommend the clinic to their friends and family) and 0.25 (for Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care item 9, Given a copy of my treatment plan).
conclusionThe reported ICCs and their respective 95% confidence intervals for T2D and hypertension will be useful for estimating sample sizes and improving efficiency of cluster trials conducted in the primary care setting, particularly for low- and middle-income countries.
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