ReviewViruses2020
Role of Viruses in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis.
Review in Viruses, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 71 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
71 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 118 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Childhood and Adolescent Environmental Risk Factors for Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis.European journal of neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of neurology · 2025Pooled it
- The Role of Gut Microbiome in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders.Cells · 2023Pooled it
- Knockoff-Based Fine Mapping of MS-Associated SNPs in Sardinian Trios.Biochemical genetics · 2026Article
- Viral associations in multiple sclerosis: pathogenetic mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Virology journal · 2026Review
- Artificial Intelligence Algorithm Based on Genetics to Predict Responses to Interferon-Beta Treatment in Multiple Sclerosis Patients.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Differential distribution of antiviral serology across multiple sclerosis phenotypes and its implications for disease pathogenesis.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Dysbiosis and Therapeutic Modulation of the Gut Microbiota in Multiple Sclerosis: A Narrative Review.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Autoimmune responses to myelin-associated proteins as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Associations with human herpesvirus-6 and Epstein-Barr virus reactivation.Journal of advanced research · 2025Article
- Human Endogenous Retroviruses and Diseases.MedComm · 2025Review
- Complete Epstein-Barr virus seropositivity in a cohort of pediatric onset multiple sclerosis: a comparison to other autoimmune diseases.Journal of neurology · 2025Article
- A narrative review of genetic and environmental factors and risk for multiple sclerosis. The design of the Italian multicentric PEDIGREE study.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Review
- Novel Animal Models for Multiple Sclerosis: R-Ras GTPases in Myelin Pathophysiology.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Nogo-A and NfL Levels in CSF from Newly Diagnosed Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder Patients Positive for Anti-HHV6-A IgG Autoantibody.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Role of Ocrelizumab in modulating gene and microRNA expression in multiple sclerosis.Non-coding RNA research · 2025Article
- Review
- The effects of Leventhal's self-regulation model-based educational intervention on stress, anxiety, and depression in women with multiple sclerosis: a randomized educational trial.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Role and Diagnostic Significance of Apolipoprotein D in Selected Neurodegenerative Disorders.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Obesity Control and Supplementary Nutraceuticals as Cofactors of Brain Plasticity in Multiple Sclerosis Populations.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
11 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune inflammatory disease, where the underlying etiological cause remains elusive. Multiple triggering factors have been suggested, including environmental, genetic and gender components. However, underlying infectious triggers to the disease are also suspected. There is an increasing abundance of evidence supporting a viral etiology to MS, including the efficacy of interferon therapy and over-detection of viral antibodies and nucleic acids when compared with healthy patients. Several viruses have been proposed as potential triggering agents, including Epstein-Barr virus, human herpesvirus 6, varicella-zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, John Cunningham virus and human endogenous retroviruses. These viruses are all near ubiquitous and have a high prevalence in adult populations (or in the case of the retroviruses are actually part of the genome). They can establish lifelong infections with periods of reactivation, which may be linked to the relapsing nature of MS. In this review, the evidence for a role for viral infection in MS will be discussed with an emphasis on immune system activation related to MS disease pathogenesis.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.