ReviewBritish journal of clinical pharmacology2022
TDM is dead. Long live TCI!
Review in British journal of clinical pharmacology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- Optimizing Individualized Antimicrobial Dosing in Pediatric Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Clinical drug investigation · 2025Pooled it
- Model-Informed Precision Dosing of Tacrolimus: A Systematic Review of Population Pharmacokinetic Models and a Benchmark Study of Software Tools.Clinical pharmacokinetics · 2024Pooled it
- Impact of adsorptive CRRT membranes on vancomycin pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients.Renal failure · 2026Review
- Development of a predictive platform for target concentration intervention of aminoglycosides.Translational and clinical pharmacology · 2026Article
- A Review of Virtual Twins in Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Simulation.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2026Review
- Differential Impact of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Variability on Response to Combination Therapy.Pharmacology research & perspectives · 2026Article
- Exploring the effects of renal and cardiac functions on the pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a population pharmacokinetic analysis.International journal of clinical pharmacy · 2026Article
- Application of escitalopram population pharmacokinetic repository: a step to precision dosing.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Individualising drug therapy in intensive care.Anaesthesia and intensive care · 2026Article
- Development and Validation of a Novel Scoring Model Integrating Clinical Risk Factors and Pharmacokinetic Parameters to Predict Vancomycin-Induced Nephrotoxicity.Pharmacotherapy · 2026Article
- Model-Informed Precision Dosing: Conceptual Framework for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Integrating Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence Within Population Health Informatics.Journal of personalized medicine · 2026Review
- Population pharmacokinetic modeling of tacrolimus using real-world data for precision dosing in pediatric liver transplant recipients younger than 36 months during the immediate postoperative period.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- A Multi-National Survey on Immunosuppressive Regimens and Mycophenolate Monitoring Practices after Kidney Transplantation.Kidney & blood pressure research · 2026Article
- The Rational Basis for Personalized Treatment Using Concentration-Guided Dosing.Therapeutic drug monitoring · 2025Review
- Propofol: A Medication That Changed Pediatric Anesthesia Practice.Paediatric anaesthesia · 2025Review
- Recommended approaches for integration of population pharmacokinetic modelling with precision dosing in clinical practice.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2025Review
- Vancomycin dosing design method considering risk factors for nephrotoxicity.Journal of pharmaceutical health care and sciences · 2025Article
- Evaluation of the effect of CYP2D6 and OCT1 polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of tramadol: Implications for clinical safety and dose rationale in paediatric chronic pain.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2025Article
- The impact of age and renal function on the pharmacokinetics and protein binding characteristics of fludarabine in paediatric and adult patients undergoing allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation conditioning.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2024Article
- Evaluation of the predictive performance of an online voriconazole dose calculator in children.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Twenty years ago, target concentration intervention (TCI) was distinguished from therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). It was proposed that TCI would bring more clinical benefit because of the precision of the approach and the ability to link TCI to principles of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics to predict the dose required by an individual (1). We examine the theory and clinical trial evidence supporting the benefits of TCI over TDM and conclude that in the digital age TDM should be abandoned and replaced by TCI.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.