ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2020
Vaccination as a social contract.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 77 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
77 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Vaccine hesitancy and behavior change theory-based social media interventions: a systematic review.Translational behavioral medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Using a decision support tool to reduce inappropriate antibiotic use after a delayed prescription.Applied psychology. Health and well-being · 2026Trial
- Behaviorally Informed Text Message Nudges to Schedule COVID-19 Vaccinations: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of general internal medicine · 2025Trial
- The Efficacy of a Brief, Altruism-Eliciting Video Intervention in Enhancing COVID-19 Vaccination Intentions Among a Population-Based Sample of Younger Adults: Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2022Trial
- Bandwagoning, free-riding and heterogeneity in influenza vaccine decisions: An online experiment.Health economics · 2022Trial
- Monetary incentives increase COVID-19 vaccinations.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2021Trial
- Balancing individual risks and collective benefits: Effects of vaccine price, message framing, and value orientations on influenza vaccination in China.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Do individual or societal consequences matter more? Reducing antibiotic expectations for uncomplicated urinary tract infections in females.British journal of health psychology · 2026Article
- Free Riding in Healthcare Through a Game-Theoretic Lens: A Cross-Domain Narrative Review and Conceptual Synthesis.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Institutional trust and vaccination delay as key metrics for vaccination rollout success.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- "You Could Have Prevented It!": attributions of responsibility toward COVID-19 unvaccinated vs. vaccinated individuals.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Effectiveness of "naturalness" value-based narrative intervention on vaccination acceptance in two randomized controlled trials.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Polarization in the COVID-19 pandemic: The impact of vaccination status and conspiracy theories.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2025Article
- "Not Only a Matter of Personal Interest"-Vaccination Narratives and the Model of Moral Motives in China and Germany.Qualitative health research · 2025Article
- A cross-cultural EEG study of how obedience and conformity influence reconciliation intentions.Social cognitive and affective neuroscience · 2025Article
- Vaccine hesitancy in healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic: Draw on experience.Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene · 2025Article
- Fair allocation of resources in the moral dilemma of triage.Frontiers in sociology · 2025Article
- Parental vaccine hesitancy in Brazil: results from a household survey.Cadernos de saude publica · 2025Article
- Article
- Using smartphones to study vaccination decisions in the wild.PLOS digital health · 2024Article
17 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Most vaccines protect both the vaccinated individual and the society by reducing the transmission of infectious diseases. In order to eliminate infectious diseases, individuals need to consider social welfare beyond mere self-interest-regardless of ethnic, religious, or national group borders. It has therefore been proposed that vaccination poses a social contract in which individuals are morally obliged to get vaccinated. However, little is known about whether individuals indeed act upon this social contract. If so, vaccinated individuals should reciprocate by being more generous to a vaccinated other. On the contrary, if the other doesn't vaccinate and violates the social contract, generosity should decline. Three preregistered experiments investigated how a person's own vaccination behavior, others' vaccination behavior, and others' group membership influenced a person's generosity toward respective others. The experiments consistently showed that especially compliant (i.e., vaccinated) individuals showed less generosity toward nonvaccinated individuals. This effect was independent of the others' group membership, suggesting an unconditional moral principle. An internal metaanalysis (
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.