ArticleJournal of epidemiology and global health2020
A Qualitative Study of Factors Influencing the Onset of Hookah Smoking among Iranian Men with Turkmen Ethnicity.
Article in Journal of epidemiology and global health, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence, risk perception and motivations for waterpipe tobacco use among university students in Northern Nigeria: a mixed-methods study.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Development and validation of a questionnaire to assess women's hookah smoking: insights from a multi-stage study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Review
- Identifying the Determinants of Hookah Smoking Among the Youth; A Mixed-Methods Study.Journal of community health · 2024Article
- Ethnic Disparities in Major Adverse Cardiac and Cerebrovascular Events (MACCEs) and Postoperative Outcomes Following Coronary Artery Bypass in Northeastern Iran (2007-2016).Archives of Iranian medicine · 2023Article
- Aspects associated with waterpipe smoking in Iranian youths: a qualitative study.BMC public health · 2021Article
- Beliefs Regarding Waterpipe Smoking Among Iranian Men of Turkmen Ethnicity: A qualitative study conducted in Golestan Province.Sultan Qaboos University medical journal · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionHookah smoking has grown considerably among Iranian Turkmen in the past two decades. The reasons for this increase in the consumption of hookah are unclear. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of determining the factors related to the start of hookah smoking in men with Turkmen ethnicity.
methodsThis qualitative study was conducted between February 2018 and June 2018 in Turkmen cities of Golestan provinces in Iran. The study participants included 26 male Turkmen water pipe smokers with various ages, occupation, and education level. Study data were collected through semi-structured individual interview and the results were analyzed in August 2018 by content analysis. Data management was done by software, MAXQDA version 10.
resultsIn this study, 26 hookah smoker men with the age range of 20-45 years were interviewed. The age of the participants at the time of starting hookah consumption varied from 14 to 25 years. On the basis of qualitative data, the reasons for the start of hookah smoking in male Turkmen were classified into three main categories: (1) individual (curiosity and sense of adulthood, fewer perceived risks compared with other substances and hookah's sensory attractions); (2) interpersonal (hookah-smoking friends and consumption of hookah by family members); and (3) societal (blaming unemployed people in small neighborhoods, cultural influence, more social acceptance compared with other substances, and easy access to hookah).
conclusionIndividual, interpersonal, and societal factors play important role in the start of hookah smoking among male Turkmens. Developing health policies based on the above factors can be effective in adopting hookah prevention and control strategies. Moreover, future studies could be developed with the goal of discovering ways to solve the problem of unemployment and plan for developing recreational activities in this area to prevent initiation of hookah smoking especially among youth.
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