Evidence map›Paper›PMID 32535779›Full record

ArticleDigestive diseases and sciences2021

Gender and Racial Differences in Hospitalizations for Primary Biliary Cholangitis in the USA.

Adeyinka Charles Adejumo, Daud H Akhtar, Brittany B Dennis, George Cholankeril, Quazim Alayo, Olumuyiwa A Ogundipe, Donghee Kim, Aijaz Ahmed

Abstract readComparative Study
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Digestive diseases and sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
11citing papers in PubMed
1.5field-weighted citation impact, top 17% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

11 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Observational
  2. Sexual dimorphism in the liver.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2026
    Review
  3. Article
  4. Observational
  5. Review
  6. Sex differences in chronic liver disease and benign liver lesions.JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology · 2023
    Review
  7. Review
  8. Risk Stratification in Primary Biliary Cholangitis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023
    Review
  9. Current status of disparity in liver disease.World journal of hepatology · 2022
    Review
  10. Review
  11. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.

Adeyinka Charles AdejumoDepartment of Medicine, North Shore Medical Center, 81 Highland Ave., Salem, MA, 01970, USA. acadejumo@partners.org.ORCID 0000-0001-5144-4064
Daud H AkhtarDepartment of Medicine, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, Canada.
Brittany B DennisDepartment of Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
George CholankerilDepartment of Medicine, St. Luke's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA.
Quazim AlayoApplied Clinical Research Program, St. Cloud State University, Plymouth, MN, USA.
Olumuyiwa A OgundipeDivision of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Donghee KimDepartment of Medicine, St. Luke's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA.
Aijaz AhmedDepartment of Medicine, St. Luke's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA.
St. Luke's Hospital · USMcMaster University · CAStanford University · USSt. Cloud State University · USTufts University · USUniversity of British Columbia · CA

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND/

aimThe prevalence, characteristics, burden and trends of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) hospitalizations in the USA remain unclear.

methodWe identified primary PBC hospitalizations from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) 2007 through 2014 using ICD-9-CM codes. We calculated the rates and trends of hospitalization for PBC per 100,000 US population among each gender (males and females) and racial categories (Whites, Blacks, Hispanics and other racial minorities), and measured the predictors of hospitalization, and of mortality, charges and length of stay (LOS) among PBC hospitalizations.

resultThere were 8460 (weighted: 41,191) PBC hospitalizations between 2007 and 2014. The mean national PBC hospitalization rate was 2.2 cases per 100,000 population (2.2/100,000), increasing from 1.7/100,000 (2007) to 2.5/100,000 (2014). From 2007 to 2014, the in-hospital mortality and LOS were unchanged while the charges increased from $65,993 to $73,093 ($225 million to $447 million overall expenses). Compared to Whites, the PBC hospitalization rate was 12% higher among Hispanics (RR: 1.12 [1.09-1.16]), 53% lower in Blacks (RR: 0.47 [0.45-0.49]) and 5% lower among other racial minorities (0.95 [0.91-0.99]). The rate was higher among females (RR:4.02 [3.93-4.12]) compared to males. On multivariate analysis, Blacks and other racial minorities, respectively, had higher odds of mortality (AOR: 1.47 [1.03-2.10] and 1.33 [0.96-1.84]), while other racial minorities had longer LOS (7.0 vs. 5.6 days) and higher hospital charges ($48,984 vs. $41,495) when compared to Whites.

conclusionThe hospitalization rate and burden of PBC in the USA have increased disproportionately among females and Hispanics with higher mortality in Blacks.

Indexed as

Black or African AmericanHealth Status DisparitiesHispanic or LatinoWhite PeopleAdolescentAdultAgedCross-Sectional StudiesDatabases, FactualFemaleHospitalizationHospital MortalityHumansInpatientsLength of StayLiver Cirrhosis, BiliaryCostLength of stayMortalityRateRisk

Identifiers

PMID32535779
OpenAlexW3034223876

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.