Observational studyDigestive diseases and sciences2021
Dietary Factors and Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia Risk Among US Veterans.
Observational study in Digestive diseases and sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gastric intestinal metaplasia: unraveling the multifactorial pathogenesis and advancing risk stratification for gastric cancer prevention.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2026Review
- Identifying gastric intestinal metaplasia risk based on clinical indicators: a machine learning predictive model based on the SHAP methodology.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Validation of a pre-endoscopy risk score for predicting the presence of gastric intestinal metaplasia in a U.S. population.Gastrointestinal endoscopy · 2023Article
- Association of Dietary Cholesterol Intake With Risk of Gastric Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundStudies on diet and gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM) risk are lacking in US populations.
aimTo determine the associations of dietary factors and risk of GIM among a US population with typical American diet.
methodsWe analyzed data from a cross-sectional study of veterans attending primary care and endoscopy clinics at the Houston VA Medical Center. Patients completed a 110-item Block Food Frequency Questionnaire then underwent upper endoscopy with gastric mapping biopsies. We compared cases defined by GIM on ≥ 1 non-cardia gastric biopsy to controls without GIM. Associations of dietary factors and GIM were estimated using logistic regression models as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).
resultsAmong 423 GIM cases and 1796 controls, cases were older (62.1 vs. 59.9 years) and more likely to be male (97.2% vs. 90.8%) and non-White (58.6% vs. 39.0%). GIM cases had lower fat intake (percent kcal from fat tertile 1: 43.6% vs. 33.4%) and higher carbohydrate intake (percent kcal from carbohydrate T3: 41.8% vs. 33.3%) than controls. Adjusting for age, gender, race, smoking, and Helicobacter pylori, percent kcal from carbohydrates (T3 vs. T1: OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.08-1.67), fruit intake (T3 vs. T1: OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.02-1.61), and fiber intake (T3 vs. T1: OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.04-1.80) were associated with GIM. In subgroup analyses, these associations were primarily seen in non-White patients.
conclusionsFew dietary factors, including high carbohydrate intake, are associated with increased risk of GIM in US populations, independent of H. pylori or smoking.
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