Observational studyJournal of optometry
Analysis of the potential impact of strabismus with and without amblyopia on visual-perceptual and visual-motor skills evaluated using TVPS-3 and VMI-6 tests.
Observational study in Journal of optometry. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Amblyopia in 2026: A State-of-the-Art Review of Multidimensional Phenotyping, Response Heterogeneity, and Clinical Considerations.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Visual motor integration, visual perception and motor coordination in children with horizontal strabismus.International journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Reading ability in children with intermittent exotropia and its association with binocular visual function and visual information processing capability.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Relation between binocular vision alteration and prehension movements in children: a scoping review.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2025Article
- Perceptual-Motor Abilities and Reversal Frequency of Letters and Numbers in Children Diagnosed with Poor Reading Skills.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Visual Function and Neuropsychological Profiling of Idiopathic Infantile Nystagmus.Brain sciences · 2023Article
- Differences in the Visual Performances of Patients with Strabismus, Amblyopia, and Healthy Controls.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Amblyopia is associated with impaired balance in 3-6-year-old children in China.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2022Article
- Changes in the Brain Activity and Visual Performance of Patients with Strabismus and Amblyopia after a Compete Cycle of Light Therapy.Brain sciences · 2021Article
- Impact of strabismus and binocular dysfunctions in the developmental eye movement test and test of visual perception skills: A multicentric and retrospective study.Journal of optometryArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo investigate the potential impact of strabismus and amblyopia on visual-perceptual skills (VPS) and visual-motor skills (VMS) of patients according to the type of strabismus, visual acuity (VA), state of binocularity, and sex.
methodsThis observational, transverse, prospective study analyzed a sample of 146 children with strabismus (88 male and 58 female) aged 5-15 years from Querétaro, México. To determine the strabismus type, we considered the deviation direction, frequency, binocularity state, and associated and dissociated elements. VPS and VMS were evaluated using the Test of Visual-Perceptual Skills 3rd ed. (TVPS-3) and Visual-Motor Integration Test of Beery 6th ed. (VMI-6).
resultsSex was the main variable associated with the performance of the analyzed patients on TVPS-3 and VMI-6 (p<0.05); boys obtained better scores than girls in all evaluated aspects. Stereopsis was not a determinant of the patients' performance level but was associated with the far and near angles of deviation in both types of strabismus, esotropia and exotropia. Amblyopia was associated with the spatial relationship (p=0.001) and visual closure abilities (p=0.044). Form constancy skill scores diminished in both types of strabismus (esotropia: p=0.011; exotropia: p=0.004), and VMS were the most affected in patients with strabismus.
conclusionsThe performance of patients with strabismus with and without amblyopia on TVPS-3 and VMI-6 suggests that they adopt a mechanism to compensate for the impact of strabismus on their VPS and VMS.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.