ReviewNutrients2020
Inadequacy of Immune Health Nutrients: Intakes in US Adults, the 2005-2016 NHANES.
Review in Nutrients, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 94 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global hotspots and trends of nutritional supplements for sick populations from 2000 to 2024.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Prediction of survival odds in COVID-19 by zinc, age and selenoprotein P as composite biomarker.Redox biology · 2021Trial
- Multiple Micronutrients, Lutein, and Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation during Lactation: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Nutrients · 2020Trial
- Article
- Overlooked and Undernourished: A Case Report of Scurvy Linked to Food Insecurity.Journal of education & teaching in emergency medicine · 2026Article
- From development to implementation through a RE-AIM lense: lessons learned from a qualitative process evaluation of workplace health promotion workshops in long-term care.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Nutrient supply and adequacy of macro- and micronutrients from Swedish agricultural production in 2024.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Microglia sensing of peripheral signals that bridge the brain and body.Molecular neurodegeneration · 2025Review
- Bilateral keratomalacia years after biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch surgery: A case of severe vitamin A deficiency and literature review.The Journal of international medical research · 2025Review
- Vitamin intake and its association with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among Malaysian adults.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Identification of Priority Nutrients in the US: Targeting Malnutrition to Address Diet-Related Disease Across the Lifespan.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Nutrient Intake Adequacy among Adults in Indonesia and Malaysia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Current developments in nutrition · 2025Review
- The influence of the gut microbiota on B cells in autoimmune diseases.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Review
- Exploring the Ascorbate Requirement of the 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenases.Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- Zinc as a Mechanism-Based Strategy for Mitigation of Metals Toxicity.Current environmental health reports · 2025Review
- Protective role of dietary zinc on DNA damage, oxidative stress, and metal toxicity.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2025Review
- Estimated Pulse Wave Velocity Is Associated With All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Mortality Among Adults With Chronic Kidney Disease.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2025Article
- Essential micronutrients in children and adolescents with a focus on growth and development: a narrative review.Journal of Yeungnam medical science · 2025Article
- Nutritional management and autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2024Article
- Potential and Metabolic Impacts of Double Enrichments of Docosahexaenoic Acid and 25-Hydroxy Vitamin DThe Journal of nutrition · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A well-functioning immune system is essential for human health and well-being. Micronutrients such as vitamins A, C, D, E, and zinc have several functions throughout the immune system, yet inadequate nutrient intakes are pervasive in the US population. A large body of research shows that nutrient inadequacies can impair immune function and weaken the immune response. Here, we present a new analysis of micronutrient usual intake estimates based on nationally representative data in 26,282 adults (>19 years) from the 2005-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). Overall, the prevalence of inadequacy (% of population below estimated average requirement [EAR]) in four out of five key immune nutrients is substantial. Specifically, 45% of the U.S. population had a prevalence of inadequacy for vitamin A, 46% for vitamin C, 95% for vitamin D, 84% for vitamin E, and 15% for zinc. Dietary supplements can help address nutrient inadequacy for these immune-support nutrients, demonstrated by a lower prevalence of individuals below the EAR. Given the long-term presence and widening of nutrient gaps in the U.S.-specifically in critical nutrients that support immune health-public health measures should adopt guidelines to ensure an adequate intake of these micronutrients. Future research is needed to better understand the interactions and complexities of multiple nutrient shortfalls on immune health and assess and identify optimal levels of intake in at-risk populations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.