ReviewClinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry2020
Cytokine storm induced by SARS-CoV-2.
Review in Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 315 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
315 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 575 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mucosal immune response in biology, disease prevention and treatment.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis, investigating dose and time of fluvoxamine treatment efficacy for COVID-19 clinical deterioration, death, and Long-COVID complications.Scientific reports · 2024Pooled it
- Clinical efficacy and safety of interleukin-1 blockade in the treatment of patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Annals of medicine · 2023Pooled it
- The association between stroke and COVID-19-related mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on adjusted effect estimates.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2022Pooled it
- An Ad5-Based COVID-19 Vaccine Encoding SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein Induces Measurable Antibody and Cytokine Responses in Mice.Biotechnology journal · 2026Article
- RAZOR: a database of PCR primers targeting human respiratory viruses.NAR genomics and bioinformatics · 2026Article
- Molecular Roadmap of COVID-19: From Viral Entry to Therapeutic Targets.Chemistry & biodiversity · 2026Review
- Vitamin D Supplementation Improves Serological Parameters and Recovery Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients.Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets · 2026Observational
- A SARS-CoV-2 spike-derived adjuvant peptide boosts IL-17/IFN-γ immunity and improves anti-PD-L1 therapy against melanoma.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 innate immune recognition and implications for respiratory health.Cytokine & growth factor reviews · 2025Review
- Involvement of oxidative stress in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: clinical implications.Redox report : communications in free radical research · 2025Article
- Gut bacteriophages induce specific-reprogramming of macrophages to generate a protective innate immunity response to lipopolysaccharide exposure.Gut microbes · 2025Article
- Efficacy and safety of deflazacort in diabetic subjects infected with SARS-CoV-2.Multidisciplinary respiratory medicine · 2025Article
- Distinct circulating autoantibodies are associated with COVID-19 hospitalization and SARS-CoV-2 neutralization activity.Npj viruses · 2025Article
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- The monomeric but not homotrimeric spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 activates TLR4 signaling.Molecular biology reports · 2025Article
- Structural and Hormonal Changes in Reproductive-Age Women Post-COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Ultrasound and Biochemical Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Lyophilized MSC-EVs attenuates COVID-19 pathogenesis by regulating the JAK/STAT pathway.Stem cell research & therapy · 2025Article
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255 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the virus designated as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread widely throughout the world. Despite the strict global outbreak management and quarantine measures that have been implemented, the incidence of COVID-19 continues to rise, resulting in more than 290,000 deaths and representing an extremely serious threat to human life and health. The clinical symptoms of the affected patients are heterogeneous, ranging from mild upper respiratory symptoms to severe pneumonitis and even acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or death. Systemic immune over activation due to SARS-CoV-2 infection causes the cytokine storm, which is especially noteworthy in severely ill patients with COVID-19. Pieces of evidence from current studies have shown that the cytokine storm may be an important factor in disease progression, even leading to multiple organ failure and death. This review provides an overview of the knowledge on the COVID-19 epidemiological profile, the molecular mechanisms of the SARS-CoV-2-induced cytokine storm and immune responses, the pathophysiological changes that occur during infection, the main antiviral compounds used in treatment strategies and the potential drugs for targeting cytokines, this information is presented to provide valuable guidance for further studies and for a therapeutic reduction of this excessive immune response.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.