ArticleWound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society2020
The zone model: A conceptual model for understanding the microenvironment of chronic wound infection.
Article in Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed.
- Erbium:Yttrium Aluminium Garnet (Er:YAG) Laser Therapy Versus Sharp Debridement in the Management of Chronic Ulcers of the Lower Extremity: A Randomised Control Trial.International wound journal · 2025Trial
- Applications of Nanomaterials in Chronic Wound Healing and Scar Prevention.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Saccharin disrupts bacterial cell envelope stability and interferes with DNA replication dynamics.EMBO molecular medicine · 2025Article
- The Profile of Bacterial Infections in a Burn Unit during and after the COVID-19 Pandemic Period.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Strategies for combating antibiotic resistance in bacterial biofilms.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Review
- What's in a name? Characteristics of clinical biofilms.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2023Article
- Clinical Efficacy of Hyaluronic Acid with Iodine in Hard-to-Heal Wounds.Pharmaceutics · 2023Article
- The non-attached biofilm aggregate.Communications biology · 2023Review
- In vivo observations of biofilm adhering to a dialkylcarbamoyl chloride-coated mesh dressing when applied to diabetes-related foot ulcers: A proof of concept study.International wound journal · 2023Article
- Biofilms in Chronic Wound Infections: Innovative Antimicrobial Approaches Using the In Vitro Lubbock Chronic Wound Biofilm Model.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Inoculum Concentration Influences Pseudomonas aeruginosa Phenotype and Biofilm Architecture.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Article
- Article
- The biofilm life cycle: expanding the conceptual model of biofilm formation.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2022Review
- Strategies to Improve the Potency of Oxazolidinones towards Bacterial Biofilms.Chemistry, an Asian journal · 2022Review
- Biofilm Survival Strategies in Chronic Wounds.Microorganisms · 2022Review
- Burns and biofilms: priority pathogens and in vivo models.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2021Review
- A novel chronic wound biofilm model sustaining coexistence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus suitable for testing of antibiofilm effect of antimicrobial solutions and wound dressings.Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society · 2021Article
- Speciality Grand Challenge for "Biofilms".Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Article
- Article
- Biofilm-Innate Immune Interface: Contribution to Chronic Wound Formation.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In 2008, two articles in Wound Repair and Regeneration changed the clinical perspective on chronic wounds. They stated that chronic wounds that do not heal contain bacterial biofilms and that these biofilms may be one of the reasons for the nonhealing properties of the wounds. However, we still do not understand the exact role biofilms play in the halted healing process, and we are not able to successfully treat them. The reason for this could be that in vivo biofilms differ substantially from in vitro biofilms, and that most of the knowledge about biofilms originates from in vitro research. In this article, we introduce the zone model as a concept for understanding bacterial behavior and the impact of the microenvironment on both the host and the bacteria. Until now, identification of bacteria, gene expression, and postscript regulation have been looking at a bulk of bacteria and averaging the behavior of all the bacteria. As the zone model dictates that every single bacterium reacts to its own microenvironment, the model may facilitate the planning of future research with improved clinical relevance. The zone model integrates physiology and biology from single cells, microbial aggregates, local host response, surrounding tissue, and the systemic context of the whole host. Understanding the mechanisms behind the actions and reactions by a single bacterium when interacting with other neighboring bacteria cells, other microorganisms, and the host will help us overcome the detrimental effects of bacteria in chronic wounds. Furthermore, we propose use of the terminology "bacterial phenotype" when describing the actions and reactions of bacteria, and the term "biofilms" to describe the morphology of the bacterial community.
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