ReviewNPJ digital medicine2020
Sex and gender differences and biases in artificial intelligence for biomedicine and healthcare.
Review in NPJ digital medicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 183 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
183 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- AI demonstrates comparable diagnostic performance to radiologists in MRI detection of anterior cruciate ligament tears: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European radiology · 2026Pooled it
- Sex bias consideration in healthcare machine-learning research: a systematic review in rheumatoid arthritis.BMJ open · 2025Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Artificial Intelligence Models for Time-to-Event Outcome Applied in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Prediction.Journal of medical systems · 2024Pooled it
- Artificial intelligence for mechanical ventilation: systematic review of design, reporting standards, and bias.British journal of anaesthesia · 2022Pooled it
- Ethics of AI in Radiology: A Review of Ethical and Societal Implications.Frontiers in big data · 2022Pooled it
- Jewish Ethnic Subgroups and Artificial Intelligence Clinical Decision Support.Journal of religion and health · 2026Review
- Human Touch vs. Tech Talk: Mental Health Clinicians' Perspectives on Artificial Intelligence in Systemic Practice.Journal of marital and family therapy · 2026Article
- Sex and gender bias in large language models: an old problem at a new scale.BMJ health & care informatics · 2026Article
- Evaluating Dental Students' Perspectives on Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Driven Large Language Models in Education in Saudi Arabia.European journal of dental education : official journal of the Association for Dental Education in Europe · 2026Article
- Biases of large language models in diagnosing Cushing's syndrome.World journal of methodology · 2026Review
- Nutritional Monitoring During Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy: Body Composition and Metabolic Implications.Nutrients · 2026Review
- When AI feels more human: language and user experiences with ChatGPT.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- Multi-Omics and Artificial Intelligence in Cardiovascular Medicine: From Mechanistic Insights to Clinical Translation.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Review
- A narrative review on the use of artificial intelligence in cardiovascular medicine.Cardiovascular diagnosis and therapy · 2026Review
- Traditional, complementary, and integrative medicine in a rapidly digitalizing research environment: ethics and intellectual property considerations.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2026Article
- Generative Artificial Intelligence Transitions Pharmaceutical Development from Empirical Screening to Predictive Molecular Design and Clinical Trial Optimization.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Ultrasound in Women's Health: Mechanisms, Applications, and Emerging Opportunities.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Review
- Patient Perceptions of Artificial Intelligence in Orthopaedic Surgery: Identifying Potential Barriers to Acceptance and Disparities With Implementation.Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global research & reviews · 2026Article
- Comparative analysis of large language models as decision support tools in oral pathology.Scientific reports · 2026Article
123 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Precision Medicine implies a deep understanding of inter-individual differences in health and disease that are due to genetic and environmental factors. To acquire such understanding there is a need for the implementation of different types of technologies based on artificial intelligence (AI) that enable the identification of biomedically relevant patterns, facilitating progress towards individually tailored preventative and therapeutic interventions. Despite the significant scientific advances achieved so far, most of the currently used biomedical AI technologies do not account for bias detection. Furthermore, the design of the majority of algorithms ignore the sex and gender dimension and its contribution to health and disease differences among individuals. Failure in accounting for these differences will generate sub-optimal results and produce mistakes as well as discriminatory outcomes. In this review we examine the current sex and gender gaps in a subset of biomedical technologies used in relation to Precision Medicine. In addition, we provide recommendations to optimize their utilization to improve the global health and disease landscape and decrease inequalities.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.