ArticleNPJ vaccines2020
Single-administration, thermostable human papillomavirus vaccines prepared with atomic layer deposition technology.
Article in NPJ vaccines, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Controlling timing and location in vaccines.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Atomic layer deposition for core-shell microparticle vaccines enabling programmable antigen delivery to lymph nodes enhance humoral immune responses.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Surface engineering and functionalization of powder-based materials by fluidized-bed atomic layer deposition for emerging applications.RSC advances · 2026Review
- Early clonal dominance at priming sets the trajectory for broad HIV serum neutralization.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Lipid-free, thermostable mRNA vaccines prepared using atomic layer deposition.Journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2026Article
- Atomic Layer Deposition on Particulate Materials from 1988 through 2023: A Quantitative Review of Technologies, Materials, and Applications.Chemistry of materials : a publication of the American Chemical Society · 2026Review
- Atomic Layering Thermostable Antigen and Adjuvant (ALTAbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Accelerating Innovation: Advancing Opportunities in HIV Vaccine Development.Current HIV research · 2026Review
- Subunit vaccination using Atomic Layering Thermostable Antigen and Adjuvant (ALTAFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Article
- Superior immune responses from thermostable, single-administration rabies vaccines prepared using atomic layer deposition.Journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2025Article
- Linking vaccine adjuvant mechanisms of action to function.Science immunology · 2025Review
- Formulation of three tailed bacteriophages by spray-drying and atomic layer deposition for thermal stability and controlled release.Journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2024Article
- Two-dose priming immunization amplifies humoral immunity by synchronizing vaccine delivery with the germinal center response.Science immunology · 2024Article
- Stabilization of an Infectious Enveloped Virus by Spray-Drying and Lyophilization.Journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2024Article
- Demonstration of Tunable Control over a Delayed-Release Vaccine Using Atomic Layer Deposition.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Modulating Antigen Availability in Lymphoid Organs to Shape the Humoral Immune Response to Vaccines.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2024Review
- Two-dose "extended priming" immunization amplifies humoral immune responses by synchronizing vaccine delivery with the germinal center response.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- A Single Dose, Thermostable, Trivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Formulated Using Atomic Layer Deposition.Journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2023Article
- Biomaterials-Mediated Engineering of the Immune System.Annual review of immunology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Cold-chain requirements affect worldwide distribution of many vaccines. In addition, vaccines requiring multiple doses impose logistical and financial burdens, as well as patient compliance barriers. To address such limitations, we have developed new technologies to prepare thermostable, single-shot, prime-boost microparticle vaccines. Antigen/adjuvant formulations containing glass-forming polymers and trehalose first are spray-dried to form glassy microparticles that confer thermostability. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) reactions conducted in fluidized beds are then used to coat the microparticles with defined numbers of molecular layers of alumina that modulate the timed release of the internalized antigen and act as adjuvants. We have used a model HPV16 L1 capsomere antigen to evaluate the properties of these technologies. Thermostabilized powders containing HPV16 L1 capsomeres were prepared by spray-drying, coated by ALD with up to 500 molecular layers of alumina, and injected into mice. Antigen distribution was assessed by live-animal IR dye tracking of injected labeled antigen. Antibody responses were measured weekly by ELISA, and neutralizing antibodies were measured by pseudovirus neutralization assays at selected time points. Thermostability was evaluated by measuring antibody responses after incubating ALD-coated antigen powders for one month at 50 °C. Single doses of the ALD-coated vaccine formulations elicited a prime-boost immune response, and produced neutralizing responses and antibody titers that were equivalent or superior to conventional prime-boost doses of liquid formulations. Antibody titers were unaffected by month-long incubation of the formulations at 50 °C. Single-dose, thermostable antigen preparations may overcome current limitations in HPV vaccine delivery as well as being widely applicable to other antigens.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.