ArticleYouth & society2020
Educational and criminal justice outcomes 12 years after school suspension.
Article in Youth & society, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Interventions to Address Racism in Disciplinary Actions in K-12 Schools: A Systematic Review.Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research · 2026Pooled it
- The who, how and what of educational outcome research for autistic students published in the last decade: A systematic quantitative literature review.The British journal of educational psychology · 2026Pooled it
- Punitive school discipline as a mechanism of structural marginalization with implications for health inequity: A systematic review of quantitative studies in the health and social sciences literature.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2023Pooled it
- The Impact of Restorative Practices on the Use of Out-of-School Suspensions: Results from a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research · 2023Trial
- Long-term consequences of bullying involvement in first grade.Journal of school psychology · 2023Trial
- Reporter Discrepancies in the Associations Between Mental Health Concerns and School Discipline.JAACAP open · 2026Article
- Racial Disparities and Black Parents' School Preferences: Evidence from a Survey Experiment.The Urban review · 2026Article
- Juvenile delinquency and cognitive function in adulthood: Differentiating violent and nonviolent behaviors and exploring multiple mechanisms.Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence · 2025Article
- The Longitudinal Effects of Exclusionary School Discipline on Adolescent Well-Being.Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2025Article
- Preschool Expulsion Risk Factors: Teachers' Ratings of Preschoolers' Challenging Behaviors Vary by the Cooperativeness of their Parents.Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research · 2025Article
- Racial Bias in School Discipline and Police Contact: Evidence From the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Social Development (ABCD-SD) Study.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · 2024Article
- Insights from Developing and Implementing a Novel School Community Collaborative Model to Promote School Safety.The Journal of school health · 2024Article
- Exclusionary School Discipline and School Achievement for Middle and High School Students, by Race and Ethnicity.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- Longitudinal relationships among exclusionary school discipline, adolescent substance use, and adult arrest: Public health implications of the school-to-prison pipeline.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2023Article
- An Urgent Need for School-Based Diversion Programs for Adolescent Substance Use: A Statewide Survey of School Personnel.The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine · 2023Article
- Long-term labour market and economic consequences of school exclusions in England: Evidence from two counterfactual approaches.The British journal of educational psychology · 2022Article
- Education matters: longitudinal pathways to mid-life heavy drinking in a national cohort of black Americans.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2022Article
- School Discipline and Racial Disparities in Early Adulthood.Educational researcher (Washington, D.C. : 1972) · 2022Article
- Moving Policy Toward a Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child Approach to Support Children Who Have Experienced Trauma.The Journal of school health · 2020Article
- Exploring the School-to-Prison Pipeline: How School Suspensions Influence Incarceration During Young Adulthood.Youth violence and juvenile justice · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
Abstract
A third of US students are suspended over a K-12 school career. Suspended youth have worse adult outcomes than non-suspended students, but these outcomes could be due to selection bias: that is, suspended youth may have had worse outcomes even without suspension. This study compares the educational and criminal justice outcomes of 480 youth suspended for the first time with those of 1193 matched non-suspended youth from a nationally representative sample. Prior to suspension, the suspended and non-suspended youth did not differ on 60 pre-suspension variables including students' self-reported delinquency and risk behaviors, parents' reports of socioeconomic status, and administrators' reports of school disciplinary policies. Twelve years after suspension (ages 25-32), suspended youth were less likely than matched non-suspended youth to have earned bachelors degrees or high school diplomas, and were more likely to have been arrested and on probation, suggesting that suspension rather than selection bias explains negative outcomes.
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