ArticleScientific reports2020
Characteristic patterns of EEG oscillations in sheep (Ovis aries) induced by ketamine may explain the psychotropic effects seen in humans.
Article in Scientific reports, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Electroencephalography Correlation of Ketamine-induced Clinical Excitatory Movements: A Systematic Review.The western journal of emergency medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Electroencephalographic Aspects in a Sheep with Coenurosis.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Monitoring the Depth of Sedation During Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: A Narrative Review of Current Evidence and Clinical Recommendations.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Transnasal Ventral Brainstem Epidural Electrical Stimulation Enhances Consciousness in Anesthetized Sheep: A Feasibility Study.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- The spearmint extract L-carvone as a euthanasia agent in sheep.Translational animal science · 2026Article
- Near-Death Experience During Emergency Ketamine Use: A Case Report.Brain and behavior · 2025Article
- A neuroscientific model of near-death experiences.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2025Review
- High-Frequency Imaging Reveals Synchronised Delta- and Theta-Band CaInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Optimisation of ketamine-xylazine anaesthetic dose and its association with changes in the dendritic spine of CA1 hippocampus in the young and old male and female Wistar rats.Veterinary medicine and science · 2022Article
- Subthreshold repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation suppresses ketamine-induced poly population spikes in rat sensorimotor cortex.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2022Article
- Recreational ketamine-related deaths notified to the National Programme on Substance Abuse Deaths, England, 1997-2019.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2021Article
- A hidden Markov model reliably characterizes ketamine-induced spectral dynamics in macaque local field potentials and human electroencephalograms.PLoS computational biology · 2021Article
- Network and synaptic mechanisms underlying high frequency oscillations in the rat and cat olfactory bulb under ketamine-xylazine anesthesia.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Article
- Nasal respiration is necessary for ketamine-dependent high frequency network oscillations and behavioral hyperactivity in rats.Scientific reports · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Ketamine is a valuable anaesthetic and analgesic that in recent years has gained notoriety as a recreational drug. Recently, ketamine has also been proposed as a novel treatment for depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Beyond its anaesthetic actions, however, the effects of ketamine on brain activity have rarely been probed. Here we examined the cortical electroencephalography (EEG) response to ketamine of 12 sheep. Following ketamine administration, EEG changes were immediate and widespread, affecting the full extent of the EEG frequency spectrum measured (0-125 Hz). After recovery from sedation during which low frequency activity dominated, the EEG was characterised by short periods (2-3 s) of alternating low (<14 Hz) and high (>35 Hz) frequency oscillation. This alternating EEG rhythm phase is likely to underlie the dissociative actions of ketamine, since it is during this phase that ketamine users report hallucinations. At the highest intravenous dose used (24 mg/kg), in 5/6 sheep we observed a novel effect of ketamine, namely the complete cessation of cortical EEG activity. This persisted for up to several minutes, after which cortical activity resumed. This phenomenon is likely to explain the 'k-hole', a state of oblivion likened to a near death experience that is keenly sought by ketamine abusers.
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