ReviewScientific reports2020
Time-of-Day Effects on Short-Duration Maximal Exercise Performance.
Review in Scientific reports, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 73 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of timed exercise interventions on patient-reported outcome measures: A systematic review.PloS one · 2025Pooled it
- Influence of time-of-day on neuromuscular performance in team sport athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2024Pooled it
- Effect of circadian rhythm and menstrual cycle on physical performance in women: a systematic review.Frontiers in physiology · 2024Pooled it
- Metabolic Adaptations to Morning Versus Afternoon Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2023Pooled it
- Best Time of Day for Strength and Endurance Training to Improve Health and Performance? A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis.Sports medicine - open · 2023Pooled it
- The Ergogenic Effects of Acute Carbohydrate Feeding on Resistance Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2022Pooled it
- Timing of physical activity within the 24-hour day and its influence on health: a systematic review.Health promotion and chronic disease prevention in Canada : research, policy and practice · 2022Pooled it
- Diurnal Variation in Maximum Endurance and Maximum Strength Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Medicine and science in sports and exercise · 2022Pooled it
- Influence of Acute Melatonin Administration on Human Physical Performance: A Systematic Review.Sports healthPooled it
- Effects of Daily Rhythm-Aligned Training on Skeletal Muscle Adaptation in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2026Trial
- Acute and chronic effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on swimming performance and cognitive function of elite swimmers.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Morning sprint interval training produces greater physical performance adaptations than evening training in soccer players.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Daytime eccentric exercise and its impact on inflammatory markers and antioxidant defenses in physically active young men.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Trial
- Acute Beetroot Juice Supplementation Attenuates Morning-Associated Decrements in Supramaximal Exercise Performance in Trained Sprinters.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Trial
- The Influence of Time of Day on Critical Swimming Speed in Chronotype-Screened (Neither-Type) Well-Trained Male Swimmers.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Circadian rhythm: The hidden "puppet master" behind musculoskeletal disorders.Journal of orthopaedic translation · 2026Review
- Circadian biology and exercise: the time to move.Life metabolism · 2026Review
- Exercise Timing in Sport: Molecular and Physiological Mechanisms Linking Performance, Recovery, and Biological Cost.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Markers of mitochondrial function and oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle do not display intrinsic circadian regulation in female mice.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Time-of-day dependent fluctuations in exercise performance have been documented across different sports and seem to affect both endurance and resistance modes of exercise. Most of the studies published to date have shown that the performance in short-duration maximal exercises (i.e. less than 1 min - e.g. sprints, jumps, isometric contractions) exhibits diurnal fluctuations, peaking between 16:00 and 20:00 h. However, the time-of-day effects on short duration exercise performance may be minimized by the following factors: (1) short exposures to moderately warm and humid environments; (2) active warm-up protocols; (3) intermittent fasting conditions; (4) warming-up while listening to music; or (5) prolonged periods of training at a specific time of day. This suggests that short-duration maximal exercise performance throughout the day is controlled not only by body temperature, hormone levels, motivation and mood state but also by a versatile circadian system within skeletal muscle. The time of day at which short-duration maximal exercise is conducted represents an important variable for training prescription. However, the literature available to date lacks a specific review on this subject. Therefore, the present review aims to (1) elucidate time-of-day specific effects on short-duration maximal exercise performance and (2) discuss strategies to promote better performance in short-duration maximal exercises at different times of the day.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.