ArticleScience immunology2020
The receptor binding domain of the viral spike protein is an immunodominant and highly specific target of antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 patients.
Article in Science immunology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04944095 (Serology Testing), which is not on this map. Cited by 609 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Serology Testing (Antibody Levels) With Time Following SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) Vaccinations in Residents of Nursing, Extended Care, and Over-55 Communities
Who cites it
609 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 973 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immunogenicity and safety of the booster COVID-19 vaccine among people with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- COVID-19 antibody responses in individuals with natural immunity and with vaccination-induced immunity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Effectiveness and Safety of COVID-19 Vaccinations: An Umbrella Meta-Analysis.International journal of public health · 2023Pooled it
- Impact of COVID-19 Monoclonal Antibody Therapy on Subsequent Vaccine-Elicited SARS-CoV-2 Immune Responses.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Trial
- Live microbials to boost Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity clinical trial (Live BASIC trial): a triple-blind randomized controlled trial.Infection · 2026Trial
- Structural serology of polyclonal antibody responses to mRNA-1273 and NVX-CoV2373 COVID-19 vaccines.Cell reports · 2025Trial
- Casirivimab + imdevimab accelerates symptom resolution linked to improved COVID-19 outcomes across susceptible antibody and risk profiles.Scientific reports · 2023Trial
- Structural basis of diverse antibody recognition of conserved coronavirus spike S2 epitopes that contribute to protective immunity.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Beyond the blood: Tissue-resident immunity shapes SARS-CoV-2 vaccine antibody responses.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Acute and chronic kidney injury following COVID-19 infection and vaccination: a narrative review.European journal of translational myology · 2026Article
- Broad and durable protection against SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV by an intranasal chimpanzee adenovirus vaccine expressing tandem RBDs and nucleocapsid.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Performance of prototype serological immunoassays for foot-and-mouth disease virus using G-H loop peptides and stabilized virus-like particles.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Combating respiratory diseases with mucosal vaccines.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- Article
- Engineering the ADDomer Nanoparticle Vaccine Scaffold for Improved Assembly and Enhanced Stability.ACS synthetic biology · 2026Article
- Molecular Surveillance of Coronaviruses in Riyadh (2025-2026): Persistent Genotype C and Conserved N-Glycosylation Motifs in Human Coronavirus OC43.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Vaccine Antibody Responses in Two Canadian Cohorts of Persons Living with HIV.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- An integrated computational antigen discovery pipeline with hierarchical filtering for emerging viral variants.NAR molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Associations between serological evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and longitudinal pulmonary outcomes among people with HIV: analysis of the MACS/WIHS combined cohort study (MWCCS).Respiratory research · 2026Article
- Nanoparticle Adjuvant Design Enhances Germinal Center Responses Targeting Conserved Subdominant Epitopes for Pan-Coronavirus Vaccine Development.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
549 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
24 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that first emerged in late 2019 is responsible for a pandemic of severe respiratory illness. People infected with this highly contagious virus can present with clinically inapparent, mild, or severe disease. Currently, the virus infection in individuals and at the population level is being monitored by PCR testing of symptomatic patients for the presence of viral RNA. There is an urgent need for SARS-CoV-2 serologic tests to identify all infected individuals, irrespective of clinical symptoms, to conduct surveillance and implement strategies to contain spread. As the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein is poorly conserved between SARS-CoVs and other pathogenic human coronaviruses, the RBD represents a promising antigen for detecting CoV-specific antibodies in people. Here we use a large panel of human sera (63 SARS-CoV-2 patients and 71 control subjects) and hyperimmune sera from animals exposed to zoonotic CoVs to evaluate RBD's performance as an antigen for reliable detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies. By day 9 after the onset of symptoms, the recombinant SARS-CoV-2 RBD antigen was highly sensitive (98%) and specific (100%) for antibodies induced by SARS-CoVs. We observed a strong correlation between levels of RBD binding antibodies and SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies in patients. Our results, which reveal the early kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses, support using the RBD antigen in serological diagnostic assays and RBD-specific antibody levels as a correlate of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies in people.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.