ArticleThe Journal of allergy and clinical immunology2021
A dynamic relationship between two regional causes of IgE-mediated anaphylaxis: α-Gal syndrome and imported fire ant.
Article in The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evolution of alpha-Gal synthesis - a growing risk for alpha Gal syndrome.Annals of medicine · 2026Article
- The alpha-gal syndrome: Understanding the role of tick bites, and the delays in severe anaphylaxis.Allergy and asthma proceedings · 2026Review
- Alpha-Gal syndrome unveiled: decoding the glycan-driven red meat allergy.Glycoconjugate journal · 2026Review
- A Review of Alpha-Gal Syndrome for the Infectious Diseases Practitioner.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Review
- Pre-clinical strategies and emerging technologies driving advances in the alpha-gal syndrome.Allergology international : official journal of the Japanese Society of Allergology · 2025Review
- The Immunology of Alpha-Gal Syndrome: History, Tick Bites, IgE, and Delayed Anaphylaxis to Mammalian Meat.Immunological reviews · 2025Review
- Incidence of Alpha-Gal IgE Sensitization in 3000 Military Personnel, Assessing Sex, Race, Installation, and Occupational Impacts.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Therapeutic Potential ofBiomolecules · 2024Article
- Mammalian Meat Allergy and IgE to Alpha-Gal in Central Virginia: Findings From a COVID-19 Vaccine and Patient Cohort.The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice · 2024Article
- Review
- A Model for Consolidating High-Risk Allergy Procedures in Clinic.Ochsner journal · 2024Article
- High levels of alpha-gal with large variation in the salivary glands of lone star ticks fed on human blood.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Tick bite-induced Alpha-Gal Syndrome and Immunologic Responses in an Alpha-Gal Deficient Murine Model.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Tick bite-induced alpha-gal syndrome and immunologic responses in an alpha-gal deficient murine model.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Where's the Beef? Understanding Allergic Responses to Red Meat in Alpha-Gal Syndrome.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2022Review
- The α-Gal mammalian meat allergy as a cause of isolated gastrointestinal symptoms.Frontiers in gastroenterology (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Current and Future Strategies for the Diagnosis and Treatment of the Alpha-Gal Syndrome (AGS).Journal of asthma and allergy · 2022Review
- Reply to: The antibody response to the glycan α-Gal correlates with COVID-19 symptoms.Journal of medical virology · 2021Article
- Review
- An Overview of the Relevance of IgG4 Antibodies in Allergic Disease with a Focus on Food Allergens.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundA syndrome of mammalian meat allergy relating to IgE specific for galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-Gal) was first reported 10 years ago in the southeastern United States and has been related to bites of the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum).
objectiveHere we investigated the epidemiology of the "α-Gal syndrome" in the United States and sought additional evidence for the connection to tick bites.
methodsA survey of allergists was conducted by using a snowball approach. A second tier of the survey included questions about anaphylaxis to imported fire ants (IFAs). History of tick bites and tick-related febrile illness were assessed as part of a case-control study in Virginia. Antibody assays were conducted on sera from subjects reporting allergic reactions to mammalian meat or IFA.
resultsIn North America the α-Gal syndrome is recognized across the Southeast, Midwest, and Atlantic Coast, with many providers in this area managing more than 100 patients each. The distribution of cases generally conformed to the reported range of A americanum, although within this range there was an inverse relationship between α-Gal cases and cases of IFA anaphylaxis that were closely related to the territory of IFA. The connection between tick bites and α-Gal sensitization was further supported by patients' responses to a questionnaire and the results of serologic tests.
conclusionsThe α-Gal syndrome is commonly acquired in adulthood as a consequence of tick bites and has a regional distribution that largely conforms to the territory of the lone star tick. The epidemiology of the syndrome is expected to be dynamic and shifting north because of climate change and ecologic competition from IFA.
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