ReviewBiomedicines2020
Possible Correlation between Cholinergic System Alterations and Neuro/Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis.
Review in Biomedicines, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cholinergic regulation of neuroinflammation: linking microglia, immunometabolism, and neuromodulation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The interplay between homocysteine, oxidative stress, and butyrylcholinesterase activity in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Next-generation neurotherapeutics: nanotechnology, immunotherapy, and gene editing for neurodegenerative diseases.Neurodegenerative disease management · 2025Review
- Pro-Inflammatory Protein PSCA Is Upregulated in Neurological Diseases and Targets β2-Subunit-Containing nAChRs.Biomolecules · 2025Article
- Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve ameliorates inflammation and disease activity in a rat EAE model of multiple sclerosis.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Muscarinic Receptors and Alzheimer's Disease: New Perspectives and Mechanisms.Current issues in molecular biology · 2024Review
- Article
- Role of fenofibrate in multiple sclerosis.European journal of medical research · 2024Review
- Pathogenic Role of Fibrinogen in the Neuropathology of Multiple Sclerosis: A Tale of Sorrows and Fears.Neurochemical research · 2023Review
- Review
- Inflammatory Processes in Alzheimer's Disease-Pathomechanism, Diagnosis and Treatment: A Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Antigen B modulates anti-inflammatory cytokines in the EAE model of multiple sclerosis.Brain and behavior · 2023Article
- Emerging Roles of Cholinergic Receptors in Schwann Cell Development and Plasticity.Biomedicines · 2022Review
- Minocycline attenuates cholinergic dysfunction and neuro-inflammation-mediated cognitive impairment in scopolamine-induced Alzheimer's rat model.Inflammopharmacology · 2022Article
- Effects Mediated by Dimethyl Fumarate on In Vitro Oligodendrocytes: Implications in Multiple Sclerosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Cholinergic immunomodulation in inflammatory bowel diseases.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2022Review
- Role of the Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Reflex in Central Nervous System Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Nucleus basalis of Meynert damage and cognition in patients with multiple sclerosis.Journal of neurology · 2021Article
- Editorial of Special Issue "Multiple Sclerosis: Diagnosis and Treatment II".Biomedicines · 2021Article
- Neuroinflammation Modulation via α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor and Its Chaperone, RIC-3.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Although the etiology of MS is still unknown, both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. Acetylcholine participates in the modulation of central and peripheral inflammation. The cells of the immune system, as well as microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes express cholinergic markers and receptors of muscarinic and nicotinic type. The role played by acetylcholine in MS has been recently investigated. In the present review, we summarize the evidence indicating the cholinergic dysfunction in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of relapsing-remitting (RR)-MS patients and in the brains of the MS animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The correlation between the increased activity of the cholinergic hydrolyzing enzymes acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, the reduced levels of acetylcholine and the increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines production were recently described in immune cells of MS patients. Moreover, the genetic polymorphisms for both hydrolyzing enzymes and the possible correlation with the altered levels of their enzymatic activity have been also reported. Finally, the changes in cholinergic markers expression in the central nervous system of EAE mice in peak and chronic phases suggest the involvement of the acetylcholine also in neuro-inflammatory processes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.