ArticleDiabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders2020
Glucagon Administration by Nasal and Intramuscular Routes in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes During Insulin-Induced Hypoglycaemia: A Randomised, Open-Label, Crossover Study.
Article in Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03339453 (Comparison of Glucagon Administered by Either the Nasal), which is not on this map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Comparison of Glucagon Administered by Either the Nasal (LY900018) or Intra-muscular (GlucaGen®) Routes in Adult Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus During Controlled Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- 6. Glycemic Goals, Hypoglycemia, and Hyperglycemic Crises: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2026.Diabetes care · 2026Review
- 2025 Clinical Practice Guidelines for Diabetes Management in Korea: Recommendation of the Korean Diabetes Association.Diabetes & metabolism journal · 2025Article
- 6. Glycemic Goals and Hypoglycemia: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2025.Diabetes care · 2025Review
- Uniform trehalose nanogels for glucagon stabilization.RSC applied polymers · 2024Article
- Nasal Glucagon Reverses Insulin-induced Hypoglycemia With Less Rebound Hyperglycemia: Pooled Analysis of Clinical Trials.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2024Article
- 6. Glycemic Goals and Hypoglycemia: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2024.Diabetes care · 2024Review
- People With Diabetes and Caregivers Prefer Rescue Glucagon Treatment With a Wider Storage Temperature Range and a Nasal Administration, When Efficacy is Similar: A Discrete Choice Experiment in Spain.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2023Article
- Systematic Literature Review and Indirect Treatment Comparison of Three Ready-to-Use Glucagon Treatments for Severe Hypoglycemia.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2023Review
- Utility of a Novel Micro-Spraying Device for Intranasal Administration of Drug Solutions to Mice.Pharmaceutics · 2023Article
- Article
- Dose Rationale of Nasal Glucagon in Japanese Pediatric Patients with Diabetes Using Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling and Simulation.Paediatric drugs · 2023Article
- In Vivo Evaluation of Almotriptan malate Formulation through Intranasal Route for the Treatment of Migraine: Systematic Development and Pharmacokinetic Assessment.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2023Article
- The past, present, and future physiology and pharmacology of glucagon.Cell metabolism · 2022Review
- Not only for caregivers: intranasal glucagon for severe hypoglycaemia in a simulation study.Acta diabetologica · 2022Article
- Emergency Glucagon: a Focused Review of Psychosocial Experiences of Rescue Drugs for Type 1 Diabetes.Current diabetes reports · 2022Review
- Glucagon as a Therapeutic Approach to Severe Hypoglycemia: After 100 Years, Is It Still the Antidote of Insulin?Biomolecules · 2021Review
- Excipient Interactions in Glucagon Dry Powder Inhaler Formulation for Pulmonary Delivery.Pharmaceutics · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
introductionMany commercially available glucagon products for treatment of severe hypoglycaemia require cumbersome reconstitution and potentially intimidating injection during an emergency. Nasal glucagon (NG) is a novel drug-device combination product consisting of a single-use dosing device that delivers glucagon dry powder through nasal administration. The present study assessed whether 3 mg NG was non-inferior to 1 mg intramuscular glucagon (IMG) in adults with type 1 diabetes.
methodsThis randomised, open-label, two-period, crossover trial was conducted at two clinical sites. Hypoglycaemia (plasma glucose [PG] target of < 3.3 mmol/l (60 mg/dl) was induced by an intravenous insulin infusion. Glucagon preparations were given by study staff. Treatment success was defined as an increase in PG to ≥ 3.9 mmol/l (70 mg/dl) or an increase of ≥ 1.1 mmol/l (20 mg/dl) from the PG nadir within 30 min of receiving glucagon.
resultsOf the 66 participants included in the primary efficacy analysis who received both NG and IMG, 100% achieved treatment success, thus demonstrating non-inferiority of NG to IMG. All participants achieved treatment success within 25 min with the mean time to treatment success of 11.4 min (NG) and 9.9 min (IMG). No serious adverse events occurred. Forty-eight treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) occurred after NG and 51 after IMG. Most TEAEs were mild and transient.
conclusionNasal glucagon was as efficacious and well tolerated as IMG for the treatment of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in adults and will be as useful as IMG as a rescue treatment for severe hypoglycaemia.
trial registrationNCT03339453, ClinicalTrials.gov.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.