ArticleBMC pregnancy and childbirth2020
Does sex matter? Association of fetal sex and parental age with pregnancy outcomes in Taiwan: a cohort study.
Article in BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Impact of fetal sex on neonatal outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Pooled it
- Birth intervals and the risk of perinatal mortality in Indonesia: findings from a cross-sectional study.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Male newborn as a determinant of severe preeclampsia: a case-control study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Maternal characteristics impact the relationship between fetal sex and superimposed preeclampsia.Pregnancy hypertension · 2024Article
- Sexually dimorphic DNA methylation and gene expression patterns in human first trimester placenta.Biology of sex differences · 2024Article
- Development and internal validation of a clinical prediction model for spontaneous abortion risk in early pregnancy.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2024Article
- Increased stiffness of omental arteries from late pregnant women at advanced maternal age.Bioscience reports · 2023Article
- Non-linear Relationship of Maternal Age With Risk of Spontaneous Abortion: A Case-Control Study in the China Birth Cohort.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- Significance of Sex Differences in ncRNAs Expression and Function in Pregnancy and Related Complications.Biomedicines · 2021Review
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4 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundWorldwide several studies have examined the associations of fetal sex, paternal age and maternal age with pregnancy outcomes, with the evidence regarding paternal age being less consistent. Although in Taiwan we keep good records on birth certificates, these issues have been seldom researched. Our objective was to assess the association of fetal sex and parental age with gestational hypertension/preeclampsia, eclampsia and preterm delivery in the Taiwanese population.
methodsWe conducted a nationwide study and included 1,347,672 live births born between 2004 and 2011 in Taiwan. Gestational hypertension/preeclampsia and eclampsia were ascertained based on the International Classification of Diseases codes; preterm delivery (< 37 weeks) was defined according to the gestational age documented by healthcare providers. We implemented logistic regression models with covariates adjusted to assess the association of fetal sex and parental age with pregnancy outcomes.
resultsThe prevalence was 2.27% for gestational hypertension/preeclampsia, 0.07% for eclampsia and 6.88% for preterm delivery. After considering other parent's age and covariates, we observed a significantly stepped increase in the risk of both gestational hypertension/preeclampsia and preterm delivery as paternal and maternal age increased. For example, fathers aged ≥50 years were associated with a significantly higher risk of gestational hypertension/preeclampsia (odds ratio [OR]: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.39, 1.84) and preterm delivery (OR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.27, 1.51) than fathers aged 25-29 years. Analysis on fetal sex showed that relatively more female births were linked to gestational hypertension/preeclampsia and more male births linked to preterm delivery, compared to the whole population.
conclusionsWe found both paternal and maternal age, as well as fetal sex, were associated with the risk of pregnancy outcomes. Some findings on fetal sex contradicted with previous research using non-Asian samples, suggesting that ethnicity may play a role in the association of fetal sex and pregnancy outcomes. Besides, there is a need to counsel couples who are planning their family to be aware of the influence of both advanced maternal and paternal age on their pregnancy outcomes.
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