ArticlePLoS biology2020
Human MAIT cell cytolytic effector proteins synergize to overcome carbapenem resistance in Escherichia coli.
Article in PLoS biology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- Restoration of Mucosa-Associated Invariant T-Cell Function in Healthcare-Associated Bacterial Infections Supports Recovery of Carbapenem Efficacy Against Resistant Bacteria Ex Vivo.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) Proteins Regulate Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) Cell Function.Immunology · 2026Article
- IL-21 Selectively Augments Cytotoxic Potential of Antigen-Activated MAIT Cells.European journal of immunology · 2026Article
- Mucosal-associated invariant T cells recognize a tumor-derived metabolite in the DNA synthesis pathway.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells: Origins, Biological Functions, Diseases, and Therapeutic Targets.MedComm · 2025Review
- Human MAIT cell response profiles biased toward IL-17 or IL-10 are distinct effector states directed by the cytokine milieu.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- MAIT cell homing in intestinal homeostasis and inflammation.Science advances · 2025Review
- MAIT cells: Conserved watchers on the wall.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2025Review
- Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cell responses inOxford open immunology · 2025Article
- MAIT cell activation and recruitment in inflammation and tissue damage in acute appendicitis.Science advances · 2024Article
- Dynamic MAIT Cell Recovery after Severe COVID-19 Is Transient with Signs of Heterogeneous Functional Anomalies.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2024Article
- Mucosal-associated invariant T cells in cancer: dual roles, complex interactions and therapeutic potential.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- MAIT cells in bacterial infectious diseases: heroes, villains, or both?Clinical and experimental immunology · 2023Review
- Type I interferons drive MAIT cell functions against bacterial pneumonia.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2023Article
- The Emerging Role of MAIT Cell Responses in Viral Infections.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2023Review
- Classic costimulatory interactions in MAIT cell responses: from gene expression to immune regulation.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2023Article
- Targeting the MR1-MAIT cell axis improves vaccine efficacy and affords protection against viral pathogens.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
- Comparative transcriptomes reveal pro-survival and cytotoxic programs of mucosal-associated invariant T cells upon Bacillus Calmette-Guérin stimulation.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Article
- Enhancing Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cell Function and Expansion with Human Selective Serum.ImmunoHorizons · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors at 6 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are abundant antimicrobial T cells in humans and recognize antigens derived from the microbial riboflavin biosynthetic pathway presented by the MHC-Ib-related protein (MR1). However, the mechanisms responsible for MAIT cell antimicrobial activity are not fully understood, and the efficacy of these mechanisms against antibiotic resistant bacteria has not been explored. Here, we show that MAIT cells mediate MR1-restricted antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli clinical strains in a manner dependent on the activity of cytolytic proteins but independent of production of pro-inflammatory cytokines or induction of apoptosis in infected cells. The combined action of the pore-forming antimicrobial protein granulysin and the serine protease granzyme B released in response to T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated recognition of MR1-presented antigen is essential to mediate control against both cell-associated and free-living, extracellular forms of E. coli. Furthermore, MAIT cell-mediated bacterial control extends to multidrug-resistant E. coli primary clinical isolates additionally resistant to carbapenems, a class of last resort antibiotics. Notably, high levels of granulysin and granzyme B in the MAIT cell secretomes directly damage bacterial cells by increasing their permeability, rendering initially resistant E. coli susceptible to the bactericidal activity of carbapenems. These findings define the role of cytolytic effector proteins in MAIT cell-mediated antimicrobial activity and indicate that granulysin and granzyme B synergize to restore carbapenem bactericidal activity and overcome carbapenem resistance in E. coli.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.