ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2021
Effects of Prior Season Vaccination on Current Season Vaccine Effectiveness in the United States Flu Vaccine Effectiveness Network, 2012-2013 Through 2017-2018.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Does repeated influenza vaccination attenuate effectiveness? A systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet. Respiratory medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Functional and Binding H1N1pdm09-Specific Antibody Responses in Occasionally and Repeatedly Vaccinated Healthcare Workers: A Five-Year Study (2009-2014).Frontiers in immunology · 2021Trial
- Association Between Immunosuppressive Cell Populations and Immune Response to Influenza Vaccination in Younger and Older Adults.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Influenza vaccine effectiveness against outpatient acute respiratory illness with laboratory-confirmed influenza, United States, 2024-25 season.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Considerations for assessing the feasibility of network meta-analysis of seasonal vaccines.Journal of comparative effectiveness research · 2026Article
- Influenza vaccine effectiveness against outpatient acute respiratory illness with laboratory-confirmed influenza, United States, 2024-25 season.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Low effectiveness of influenza vaccines vis-à-vis mechanism of protection by vaccines - potential causes and recommendations to improve control of influenza.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccines and Duration of Protection Against Hospitalisation in England: 2022/2023 and 2023/2024 Seasons.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2025Article
- Development of an intranasal, universal influenza vaccine in an EU-funded public-private partnership: the FLUniversal consortium.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Who to Boost When: The Effect of Age and Dosing Interval on Delta and Omicron COVID-19 Incidence in the Open-label Phase of the COVE Trial.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Article
- Article
- Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness: Analysis of the Impact of Repeated Vaccinations in Military Health System Beneficiaries.Open forum infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Influenza Viruses and Vaccines: The Role of Vaccine Effectiveness Studies for Evaluation of the Benefits of Influenza Vaccines.Vaccines · 2022Review
- Role of Age in the Spread of Influenza, 2011-2019: Data From the US Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network.American journal of epidemiology · 2022Article
- Influence of Prior Influenza Vaccination on Current Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in Children Aged 1 to 5 Years.Vaccines · 2021Article
- Article
- Decline in Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness With Vaccination Program Maturation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Open forum infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWe compared effects of prior vaccination and added or lost protection from current season vaccination among those previously vaccinated.
methodsOur analysis included data from the US Flu Vaccine Effectiveness Network among participants ≥9 years old with acute respiratory illness from 2012-2013 through 2017-2018. Vaccine protection was estimated using multivariate logistic regression with an interaction term for effect of prior season vaccination on current season vaccine effectiveness. Models were adjusted for age, calendar time, high-risk status, site, and season for combined estimates. We estimated protection by combinations of current and prior vaccination compared to unvaccinated in both seasons or current vaccination among prior vaccinated.
resultsA total of 31 819 participants were included. Vaccine protection against any influenza averaged 42% (95% confidence interval [CI], 38%-47%) among those vaccinated only the current season, 37% (95% CI, 33-40) among those vaccinated both seasons, and 26% (95% CI, 18%-32%) among those vaccinated only the prior season, compared with participants vaccinated neither season. Current season vaccination reduced the odds of any influenza among patients unvaccinated the prior season by 42% (95% CI, 37%-46%), including 57%, 27%, and 55% against A(H1N1), A(H3N2), and influenza B, respectively. Among participants vaccinated the prior season, current season vaccination further reduced the odds of any influenza by 15% (95% CI, 7%-23%), including 29% against A(H1N1) and 26% against B viruses, but not against A(H3N2).
conclusionsOur findings support Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommendations for annual influenza vaccination. Benefits of current season vaccination varied among participants with and without prior season vaccination, by virus type/subtype and season.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.