ArticleBMC microbiology2020
Human milk fungi: environmental determinants and inter-kingdom associations with milk bacteria in the CHILD Cohort Study.
Article in BMC microbiology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Microbial-derived tryptophan metabolites in the infant gut associate with increased risk of asthma following cesarean section.Nature communications · 2026Article
- The human breast milk microbiome: a landscape review of its composition, origins, and impact on infant health.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Breastfeeding may lessen socioeconomic disparities in child health through differences in the infant gut microbiome.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Anti-Colon Cancer Effects of Lysate from Potential Probiotic Yeast Strains Derived from Human Breast Milk.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2025Article
- A Framework for Evaluation of New Processing Technologies in Human Milk Banking.Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety · 2025Review
- Population and Spatial Features Impact the Gut Phageome-Bacteriome Structure and Interactions in a Mammal Species Living in Fragmented Habitats.Microbial ecology · 2025Article
- Pumping and hygiene practices are associated with bacterial load and microbial composition in human milk expressed at home.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Gut mycobiome maturation and its determinants during early childhood: a comparison of ITS2 amplicon and shotgun metagenomic sequencing approaches.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- The human milk bacteriome and mycobiome and their inter-kingdom interactions viewed across geography.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Neonatal Microbiome: Is it Still Beneficial?Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets · 2024Article
- The Nonbacterial Microbiome: Fungal and Viral Contributions to the Preterm Infant Gut in Health and Disease.Microorganisms · 2023Review
- Improvement and Validation of a Genomic DNA Extraction Method for Human Breastmilk.Methods and protocols · 2023Article
- Residential green environments are associated with human milk oligosaccharide diversity and composition.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- "Molding" immunity-modulation of mucosal and systemic immunity by the intestinal mycobiome in health and disease.Mucosal immunology · 2022Review
- Bacterial and Fungal Adaptations in Cecum and Distal Colon of Piglets Fed With Dairy-Based Milk Formula in Comparison With Human Milk.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Article
- Bacterial, fungal, and interkingdom microbiome features of exclusively breastfeeding dyads are associated with infant age, antibiotic exposure, and birth mode.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Human milk microbiota: what did we learn in the last 20 years?Microbiome research reports · 2022Review
- Development of a conceptual model of childhood asthma to inform asthma prevention policies.BMJ open respiratory research · 2021Review
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundFungi constitute an important yet frequently neglected component of the human microbiota with a possible role in health and disease. Fungi and bacteria colonise the infant gastrointestinal tract in parallel, yet most infant microbiome studies have ignored fungi. Milk is a source of diverse and viable bacteria, but few studies have assessed the diversity of fungi in human milk.
resultsHere we profiled mycobiota in milk from 271 mothers in the CHILD birth cohort and detected fungi in 58 (21.4%). Samples containing detectable fungi were dominated by Candida, Alternaria, and Rhodotorula, and had lower concentrations of two human milk oligosaccharides (disialyllacto-N-tetraose and lacto-N-hexaose). The presence of milk fungi was associated with multiple outdoor environmental features (city, population density, and season), maternal atopy, and early-life antibiotic exposure. In addition, despite a strong positive correlation between bacterial and fungal richness, there was a co-exclusion pattern between the most abundant fungus (Candida) and most of the core bacterial genera.
conclusionWe profiled human milk mycobiota in a well-characterised cohort of mother-infant dyads and provide evidence of possible host-environment interactions in fungal inoculation. Further research is required to establish the role of breastfeeding in delivering fungi to the developing infant, and to assess the health impact of the milk microbiota in its entirety, including both bacterial and fungal components.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.