ArticleNeuroImage2021
Confound modelling in UK Biobank brain imaging.
Article in NeuroImage, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 154 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
154 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Association between polygenic risk for Major Depression and brain structure in a mega-analysis of 50,975 participants across 11 studies.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- A systematic review of brain health in adults with chronic pain.Anaesthesia · 2026Pooled it
- Oligoprotein type I interferon signatures, but not TREX1 variants, increase risk of systemic lupus erythematosus in UK Biobank.Nature communications · 2026Pooled it
- Grey-Matter Structure Markers of Alzheimer's Disease, Alzheimer's Conversion, Functioning and Cognition: A Meta-Analysis Across 11 Cohorts.Human brain mapping · 2025Pooled it
- Genetic insights into human cortical organization and development through genome-wide analyses of 2,347 neuroimaging phenotypes.Nature genetics · 2023Pooled it
- Reproducibility of cerebrovascular reactivity measurements: A systematic review of neuroimaging techniquesJournal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2022Pooled it
- Greater temporo-occipital gray matter volume and frontoparietal cortical thickness in post-menopausal women: a UK Biobank study.Brain structure & function · 2026Article
- Regional choroid plexus calcifications and their associations with aging, brain structure, and disease.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Exploring the link between body physiology and cognition: the role of the brain and aging.npj aging · 2026Article
- Variations of global brain asymmetry are associated with aging and related diseases.Science advances · 2026Article
- The intrinsic cortical geometry of reading.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Green tea catechin EGCG attenuates hippocampal atrophy and cognitive impairment in obesity via autophagy signaling.NPJ science of food · 2026Article
- Bidirectional genetic and phenotypic links between smoking and striatal iron content involving dopaminergic and inflammatory pathways.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Article
- Subgingival microbiota composition is associated with brain health in the general population-the PAROMIND study.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Mitigating the Impact of MR Sequence Parameters: Increasing the Robustness of DL-Based Cortical Thickness Estimates.Human brain mapping · 2026Article
- Article
- Brain signatures of nociplastic pain: Fibromyalgia Index and descending modulation at population level.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Brain anatomy in major hormonal transition phases: Longitudinal and cross-sectional volume associations with menarche and menopause.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Large-scale identification of protein biomarkers and therapeutic targets in heart and brain disease.Nature cardiovascular research · 2026Article
- Explainability Challenges in Medical AI: The Conceptual Hidden Cost of Machine Learning Preprocessing.Health science reports · 2026Article
94 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Dealing with confounds is an essential step in large cohort studies to address problems such as unexplained variance and spurious correlations. UK Biobank is a powerful resource for studying associations between imaging and non-imaging measures such as lifestyle factors and health outcomes, in part because of the large subject numbers. However, the resulting high statistical power also raises the sensitivity to confound effects, which therefore have to be carefully considered. In this work we describe a set of possible confounds (including non-linear effects and interactions that researchers may wish to consider for their studies using such data). We include descriptions of how we can estimate the confounds, and study the extent to which each of these confounds affects the data, and the spurious correlations that may arise if they are not controlled. Finally, we discuss several issues that future studies should consider when dealing with confounds.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.