ReviewCell reports. Medicine2020
Down Syndrome and COVID-19: A Perfect Storm?
Review in Cell reports. Medicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 79 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
79 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 133 citations in OpenAlex.
- Respiratory support in patients with Down syndrome: a systematic review.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2025Pooled it
- COVID-19 in patients with Down syndrome: A systematic review.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2024Pooled it
- Clinical considerations for immune dysregulation and immunodeficiency in Down syndrome.Journal of human immunity · 2026Review
- Immune dysregulation in children with Down syndrome: clinical implications and emerging therapies.Current opinion in rheumatology · 2026Review
- Predicting Functional Changes in Down Syndrome During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Biopsychosocial Determinants of Health.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Down Syndrome Alters Type III IFN and Proinflammatory Airway Epithelial Responses to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection.American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology · 2025Article
- Vertebrate and Invertebrate Animal Models for the Study of Down Syndrome.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- DYRK1A in blood and immune function: implications in leukemia, inflammatory disorders, infection and Down syndrome.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2025Review
- Down syndrome frontal cortex layer III and layer V pyramidal neurons exhibit lamina specific degeneration in aged individuals.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2024Article
- Stress and Self-Efficacy in Parents/Caregivers and Oral Health of Individuals with Down Syndrome During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Down Syndrome in Children: A Primary Immunodeficiency with Immune Dysregulation.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Causes of Hospitalization in Children with Down Syndrome.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Observational
- Analysis of microisolated frontal cortex excitatory layer III and V pyramidal neurons reveals a neurodegenerative phenotype in individuals with Down syndrome.Acta neuropathologica · 2024Article
- Choroid plexus defects in Down syndrome brain organoids enhance neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2.Science advances · 2024Article
- Down Syndrome and Autoimmune Disease.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2024Review
- Neuropathological findings in Down syndrome, Alzheimer's disease and control patients with and without SARS-COV-2: preliminary findings.Acta neuropathologica · 2024Article
- The National Institutes of Health INvestigation of Co-occurring conditions across the Lifespan to Understand Down syndromE (INCLUDE) Project: Accelerating research discoveries for people with Down syndrome across the lifespan.American journal of medical genetics. Part C, Seminars in medical genetics · 2024Review
- SARS-CoV-2 Infection Causes Heightened Disease Severity and Mortality in a Mouse Model of Down Syndrome.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Cytokine Storm Syndrome Responsive to IL-1 Inhibition in Trisomy 21.Case reports in pediatrics · 2024Article
- Autophagy is a promising process for linking inflammation and redox homeostasis in Down syndrome.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Review
19 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
People with Down syndrome show signs of chronic immune dysregulation, including a higher prevalence of autoimmune disorders, increased rates of hospitalization during respiratory viral infections, and higher mortality rates from pneumonia and sepsis. At the molecular and cellular levels, they show markers of chronic autoinflammation, including interferon hyperactivity, elevated levels of many inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and changes in diverse immune cell types reminiscent of inflammatory conditions observed in the general population. However, the impact of this immune dysregulation in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and CoV disease of 2019 (COVID-19) remains unknown. This Perspective outlines why individuals with Down syndrome should be considered an at-risk population for severe COVID-19. Specifically, the immune dysregulation caused by trisomy 21 may result in an exacerbated cytokine release syndrome relative to that observed in the euploid population, thus justifying additional monitoring and specialized care for this vulnerable population.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.