Target frequency modulates object-based attention.

Decades of research have provided evidence that object representations contribute to attentional selection. However, most evidence for object-based attentional allocation is drawn from studies employing the two-rectangle paradigm where the target distribution is biased towards the cued object. It is thus unclear whether object-based attentional selection is from object representations or a consequence of spatial attention based on statistical imbalances. Here, we investigate the extent to which target frequency modulates object-based attention by systematically manipulating the frequency of target appearance in a particular spatial location within objects to equate spatial allocation, bias specific spatial locations, or bias objects. In four experiments, participants were presented with a variant of the two-rectangle paradigm in which one end of a rectangle was cued and performed a target discrimination task. Critically, the target location probabilities were parametrically manipulated. The target could appear equally in all ends within the objects (valid, invalid within-object, invalid between-object, diagonal) (Experiment 1) or with overall equality between objects but biased towards the invalid locations (Experiment 2). The target could also appear in three locations (valid, invalid within-object, invalid between-object) distributed equally between objects but biased towards the invalid between-object location (Experiment 3) or with an overall bias towards the invalid between-object location (Experiment 4). We observed that while objects bias attention, spatial biases are prioritized over object representations. Combined results suggest that object-based contribution to attentional guidance is the result of both spatial probabilities and object representations.