ReviewClinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil)2020
17β-Estradiol, a potential ally to alleviate SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Review in Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 77 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of Pituitary-Target Gland Axis on RAAS in the Context of COVID-19.International journal of medical sciences · 2025Review
- Sex differences in the impact of controlling nutritional status score on diabetic retinopathy: findings of 2003-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Estrogen and viral infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Investigation of the potential effects of estrogen receptor modulators on immune checkpoint molecules.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- The impact of COVID-19 on women's reproductive system.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Review
- Self-reported symptoms after COVID-19 vaccination. Distinct sex, age, and geographical outcomes in Lebanese and Italian cohorts.Internal and emergency medicine · 2023Article
- Immunological evaluation of young unvaccinated patients with Turner syndrome after COVID-19.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2023Article
- Endothelial dysfunction in COVID-19: an overview of evidence, biomarkers, mechanisms and potential therapies.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2023Review
- Article
- A chronological review of COVID-19 case fatality rate and its secular trend and investigation of all-cause mortality and hospitalization during the Delta and Omicron waves in the United States: a retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Innate and adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and predisposing factors.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Overexpression of estrogen receptor GPER1 and G1 treatment reduces SARS-CoV-2 infection in BEAS-2B bronchial cells.Molecular and cellular endocrinology · 2022Article
- Premenopausal and postmenopausal women during the COVID-19 pandemic.Przeglad menopauzalny = Menopause review · 2022Review
- The immune response to COVID-19: Does sex matter?Immunology · 2022Review
- Basic mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection. What endocrine systems could be implicated?Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2022Review
- COVID-19 Drug Repurposing: A Network-Based Framework for Exploring Biomedical Literature and Clinical Trials for Possible Treatments.Pharmaceutics · 2022Article
- Immune mechanisms associated with sex-based differences in severe COVID-19 clinical outcomes.Biology of sex differences · 2022Review
- An antibody-based proximity labeling map reveals mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 inhibition of antiviral immunity.Cell chemical biology · 2022Article
- The Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic on Reproduction, Sexual Function and Behaviors: A Review of the Main Trends and Findings.International journal of sexual health : official journal of the World Association for Sexual Health · 2022Article
- Potential of Endogenous Oxytocin in Endocrine Treatment and Prevention of COVID-19.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Considering that female sexual hormones may modulate the inflammatory response and also exhibit direct effects on the cells of the immune system, herein, we intend to discuss the sex differences and the role of estradiol in modulating the lung and systemic inflammatory response, focusing on its possible application as a treatment modality for SARS-CoV-2 patients. COVID-19 patients develop severe hypoxemia early in the course of the disease, which is silent most of the time. Small fibrinous thrombi in pulmonary arterioles and a tumefaction of endothelial were observed in the autopsies of fatal COVID-19 cases. Studies showed that the viral infection induces a vascular process in the lung, which included vasodilation and endothelial dysfunction. Further, the proportions of CD4+ T and CD8+ T lymphocytes were strongly reduced in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Estradiol is connected with CD4+ T cell numbers and increases T-reg cell populations, affecting immune responses to infection. It is known that estradiol exerts a protective effect on endothelial function, activating the generation of nitric oxide (NO) via endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Estrogen attenuates the vasoconstrictor response to various stimuli and induces vasodilation in the pulmonary vasculature during stress situations like hypoxia. It exerts a variety of rapid actions, which are initiated after its coupling with membrane receptors, which in turn, may positively modulate vascular responses in pulmonary disease and help to maintain microvascular flow. Direct and indirect mechanisms underlying the effects of estradiol were investigated, and the results point to a possible protective effect of estradiol against COVID-19, indicating that it may be considered as an adjuvant therapeutic element for the treatment of patients affected by the novel coronavirus.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.