ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2020
Sex Differences in Proatherogenic Cytokine Levels.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 76 citations in OpenAlex.
- Level of IL-6, TNF, and IL-1β and age-related diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Pooled it
- Gender differences in fasting and postprandial metabolic traits predictive of subclinical atherosclerosis in an asymptomatic Chinese population.Scientific reports · 2022Trial
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- The Associations Between Habitual Dietary Fat Intake and Inflammatory Markers Among Marathon Runners: An Exploratory Study.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Serum Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-10 levels in people living with HIV on short-term and long-term antiretroviral therapy: a comparative cross-sectional study with HIV-negative controls.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
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- Biomolecular Changes in the Myocardium of Female and Male BALB/c Mice with Autoimmune Myocarditis.Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine · 2026Article
- Exploratory Study of Serum IL-22 and CD163+ Macrophages in Glioblastoma Multiforme.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Inflammaging and the sex-frailty paradox.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2025Article
- Trends and Disparities in Mortality due to Diabetes Mellitus and Sepsis in the US Adults: 1999-2023.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2025Article
- Inflammaging is minimal among forager-horticulturalists in the Bolivian Amazon.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2025Article
- Aging-associated changes in immunological parameters: Implications for COVID-19 immune response in the elderly.Physiological reports · 2025Review
- Hallmarks of Cancer Cachexia: Sexual Dimorphism in Related Pathways.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Drug-resistant epilepsy associated with peripheral complement decreases and sex-specific cytokine imbalances: a pilot study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Inflammaging: triggers, molecular mechanisms, immunological consequences, sex differences, and cutaneous manifestations.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Sex, senescence, senolytics, and cognition.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2025Review
- Low rather than high interleukin-6 levels are associated with immune-related adverse events in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- A fundamental relationship between TCR diversity, repertoire size and systemic clonal expansion: insights from 30,000 TCRFrontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Stressful life events across the lifespan and inflammation: An integrative data analysis.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIt has been shown that sex affects immunity, including cytokine production. Given that atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease promoted by specific cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, we aimed at evaluating whether sex could affect the levels of these proatherogenic cytokines in a group of healthy adults. In this analysis, we also included other cytokines and peptides that have been implicated in atherosclerosis development and progression.
methodsA total of 104 healthy adults were recruited; we measured circulating levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, angiotensins and angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), as well as osteoprotegerin and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL).
resultsIL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were significantly higher in men as compared to women. They were all associated with testosterone and the testosterone/estradiol ratio. They remained significantly associated with sex (but not with hormones) after being tested for potential confounders.
conclusionsSex seems to influence the levels of proatherogenic cytokines. This is consistent not only with sex differences in vulnerability to infections but also with the higher cardiovascular risk exhibited by the male gender as compared to the female gender. Nevertheless, this association is only partly explained by hormone levels.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.